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1214 Glossary rites of passage Rituals used within a community to mark the transition of individuals from one status to another, including weddings, funerals, and rituals of initiation river ordeal A method used in the ancient Near East to reach a verdict when all else failed; the accused was thrown into a river, being judged innocent if he or she survived and guilty if drowned rock gong A large rock that produces a resonant tone when struck Romanitas A sense of belonging to a great empire felt by many of the conquered peoples of the Roman Empire Romanization The process of culturally changing foreigners into Romans rondo A piece of music that has a central theme repeated between contrasting sections rope stretchers Ancient Egyptian land surveyors who used essentially modern surveying tools to remeasure individual property lines on the farmland washed free of all distinguishing features by the annual Nile inundation rudder A large paddle at the rear of a vessel that is manipulated in order to steer the vessel rudus Mixture of components such as sand, soil, clay, or concrete, which is used as a foundation for a Roman road runes Form of writing in ancient Germany and medieval Scandinavia rushes Marsh plants with hollow stems rushlight A type of early candle, consisting of the pith of a stalky plant stem soaked in oil sacred barks Boats that carried the shrines of the gods in ancient Egypt sakkia An Egyptian animal-powered waterwheel salient A segment of the wall that projects outward from the wall salting A method of drying and preserving food san An ancient Chinese jacket sand-core technique Threads of molten glass are wound around a shaped core of sand; after the glass hardens, the sand is removed sapper Engineer used to undermine or dismantle walls saqiya A waterwheel powered by a domestic animal, used to collect water in buckets and raise it to an irrigation ditch or container, used in ancient Egypt and the Near East sarcophagus A coffin made of stone, often decorated with relief sculpture sari A long, wrapped Indian garment sarisa The long Macedonian spear, an innovation of Philip of Macedon sarongs Long pieces of cloth that are wrapped around the body saros cycle A period of about 18 years after which eclipses of the sun and moon reoccur sastras and sutras Books of rules for conduct that formed the foundation for ancient Indian law satire Verse, prose, or a combination of the two that with humor, and sometimes harshness, criticizes bad behavior, hypocrisy, and other failings of society satrap A political office in the Persian Empire and later in the eastern kingdoms ruled by the successors of Alexander the Great satrapy A Persian province, administered by a royally appointed governor, who was known as a satrap Saturnian A native Roman poetic meter that was composed of two feet separated by a caesura, or pause, and that fell out of fashion in the late third century b.c.e satyr play An ancient Greek farce on a mythological subject, with a chorus representing satyrs, deities that have characteristics of horses or goats satyr A mythological creature that is usually part man and part goat, known for excessive drinking and lechery savanna A flat tropical or subtropical grassland scale armor Armor named for its resemblance to fish scales and made by sewing small oblongs of bronze or iron to a linen or felt shirt scale In music, a series of notes differing in pitch, varying with the frequency of vibration scarab A beetle used as a charm to ward off evil scarification Deliberate scarring of skin to create decorative patterns schenti A fabric loincloth or skirt schistosomiasis Parasitic infection acquired by immersion in water containing a certain species of worm; infection can result in fever, fatigue, serious anemia, and even liver damage scop Anglo-Saxon bard scoria Light volcanic ash that was used to extend concrete and make it capable of supporting longer arches and vaults scribe A man of letters in the ancient world who was capable of writing and who often worked as a teacher, a copyist, or a public official in the capacity of a clerk script A handwritten language scrivener A professional copyist or scribe scutum A rectangular or cylindrical shield scytale An encryption device consisting of rods and leather straps seal A carved piece of stone pressed into moist clay to leave an image that would be preserved when the clay was fired secondary burial Burial (or reburial) of bones from which the flesh has already decomposed This practice implies that the corpse was originally buried elsewhere or exposed aboveground deliberately to reduce it to bones sedentary pastoralism A herding economy practiced by people living in permanent settlements sedentism A culture’s shift ing from living in nonpermanent settlements to living in permanent settlements sediment core A sample of layers of sediment, taken from lake bottoms or dry lands using a long cylinder, for the
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