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building techniques and materials: introduction 141 Heraclius’ adieu to Syria When Heraclius received the news about the troops in al-Yarmuk and the destruction of his army by the Moslems, he fled from Antioch to Constantinople, and as he passed ad-D’arb he turned and said, “Peace unto thee, O Syria, and what an excellent country this is for the enemy!”— referring to the numerous pastures in Syria The battle of al-Yarmuk took place in Rajah, year 15 Christians and Jews prefer Moslem rule Abu-Hafs ad-Dimashki from Sa’id ibn-’Abd-al-’Aziz:—When Heraclius massed his troops against the Moslems and the Moslems heard that they were coming to meet them at al-Yarmuk, the Moslems refunded to the inhabitants of Hims the karaj [tribute] they had taken from them saying, “We are too busy to support and protect you Take care of yourselves.” But the people of Hims replied, “We like your rule and justice far better than the state of oppression and tyranny in which we were The army further reading Florin Curta, ed., Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2005) Hastings Donnan and Thomas M Wilson, Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State (Oxford U.K.: Berg Publishers, 1999) Keith Durham, The Border Reivers: The Story of the Anglo-Scottish Borderlands (Oxford, U.K.: Osprey, 1995) Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, trans Phillip K Hitti (Beirut Lebanon: Khayats, 1966) Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (New York: Longman, 1986) Philip Koslow, Centuries of Greatness: The West African Kingdoms, 750–1900 (New York: Chelsea House, 1995) Patricia McKissack and Fredrick McKissack, The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa (New York: Henry Holt, 1994) Ian V Murray, ed., Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1115–1500 (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2001) David Nicolle, The First Crusade 1096–1099: Conquest of the Holy Land (Oxford, U.K.: Osprey, 2003) Willie F Page, ed., Encyclopedia of African Kingdoms (New York: Facts On File, 2000) J R V Prescott, Political Frontiers and Borders (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990) Malise Ruthven and Azim Nanji, Historical Atlas of the Islamic World (London: Oxford University Press, 2004) of Heraclius we shall indeed, with your ‘amil’s’ help, repulse from the city.” The Jews rose and said, “We swear by the Torah, no governor of Heraclius shall enter the city of Hims unless we are first vanquished and exhausted!” Saving this, they closed the gates of the city and guarded them The inhabitants of the other cities—Christian and Jew—that had capitulated to the Moslems, did the same, saying, “If Heraclius and his followers win over the Moslems we would return to our previous condition, otherwise we shall retain our present state so long as numbers are with the Moslems.” When by Allah’s help the “unbelievers” were defeated and the Moslems won, they opened the gates of their cities, went out with the singers and music players who began to play, and paid the kharaj From: of Ahmad ibn-Jabir al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, trans by P K Hitti and F C Murgotten, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1916–1924) ▶ building techniques and materials introduction The need for shelter varied with the environment in which people lived and was met according to the building materials available in a particular region People were very clever in finding ways to house themselves in demanding climates that offered few materials with which to work For instance, the Inuit of North America lived in a cold climate that often provided little material with which they could build The northern forests supplied wood, but food was to be found only in the far north, where trees did not grow To be able to both eat and survive in the cold, the Inuit built shelters made of ice They learned what kind of ice (in thickness and shape) worked best for building shelters, allowing them to survive in severe weather and temperatures that would otherwise kill them This situation can be compared to that of medieval Australians, most of whom lived in a spare environment that required them to move about the landscape in search of food They learned to take branches and use roots to strap them together for shelters In rain forests, where there was an abundance of wood, lean-tos sometimes were favored, because the rain forests provide enough natural shelter for lean-tos to have been all that people needed
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