J ulie Y oo dualist account, would be an outside causal influence upon the brain when the brain is instructed to the mind’s bidding Any outside causal influence would create an energy surplus in the physical system, violating conservation There is, finally, the ‘pairing problem’ (Kim 2005), nicely presented by Durant Drake when he asks: How does the soul know just where to strike in the brain to produce the brain-events which are the necessary antecedents to the activity of the organism? We should not know where to stimulate the brain, or what sort of motions must be produced there – It is difficult enough to imagine how an immaterial desire or volition could start or steer a brain-process, but the difficulty of imagining how the spaceless desire or volitions knows just which atoms or electrons to move . . is greater still (1923, 225, Drake’s emphasis) To locate, hit, and maneuver a physical target, there must be a physical means of managing this feat A non-physical entity cannot pull off this feat without presupposing a physical means of solving the problem Parallelism There is complete causal segregation when it comes to causation in and by the mind and causation in and by the body Mental events cause and are caused by only other mental events; physical events cause and are caused by only other physical events DESIRE TO SEE BETTER PERCEIVE BRIGHT LIGHT NEURAL CORRELATE OF DESIRE TO SEE BETTER HAND TURNS ON LIGHT SWITCH Figure 7.2 Parallelist Causation Parallelism circumvents some of the problems that trouble interactionism It certainly would not face the problem of conservation, since the mental and physical realms are never allowed to interact It also does not face the problem of spatial interaction, since, again, the two realms are causally segregated However, it does face a version of the pairing problem with a vengeance, which is a part of the larger problem of mind-body coordination: what allows a mental event to line up with its appropriate physical correlate? In other words, if you want to greet a friend, how you end up with a waving arm rather than a hop, skip, and a jump? Why you perceive an increase in ambient light when the light goes on and not, say, taste pineapple? For two systems that are supposed to have no causal contact with each other, our minds and bodies are remarkably well coordinated 192