1258 Index ice age xxvii See also Pleistocene Epoch art 105, 106 climate and geography 247, 254–255 hunting, fishing, and gathering 577 migration and population movements 719–720 natural disasters 780, 783 iceman See Ötzi ideograms education 380 writing 1184, 1185 Ierá Hodós 889 Ifa system 925 Igbo-Ukwu people 92 Ikhnaton (king of Egypt) See Amenhotep IV (king of Egypt) Ile Ife 205 Iliad (Homer) education 382 foreigners and barbarians 488 laws and legal codes 628 literature 655–656 money and coinage 759 music and musical instruments 769 scandals and corruption 915 social organization 1032 war and conquest 1146 weaponry and armor 1169 illuminated manuscript 94 illumination (lighting) 583–592 Africa 583–585 Americas 592 Asia and the Pacific 587–588 Egypt 585–586 Europe 588–589, 589f Greece 589–590 Middle East 586–587, 586f Rome 590–592, 591f Illyrian Emperors (Rome) 417 imagines 320 Imbolc festival 467 Imhotep architecture 57 death and burial practices 314 empires and dynasties 392 Imperial Cult 861 Imperial Period (Rome) gender structures and roles 502 government organization 533 slaves and slavery 993 imports 43 Inanna 212 Inca civilization children 198 empires and dynasties 421 incertum wall 160 India See also Gupta Dynasty; Harappan civilization; Maurya Dynasty; Vedic Period agriculture 32 architecture 68–69 art 100, 105 astronomy 129 borders and frontiers 144 calendars and clocks 167 children 192–193 climate and geography 248 clothing and footwear 277–278 crafts 289, 290 crime and punishment 296, 300–301 drama and theater 332– 333 economy 355, 357–359 education 381 empires and dynasties 401–403 employment and labor 430 family 452 festivals 466 foreigners and barbarians 487 gender structures and roles 498 government organization 522–523 health and disease 549 household goods 565 hunting, fishing, and gathering 577 illumination 587–588 inventions 598 language 613–614 laws and legal codes 625 literature 649–651 migration and population movements 705 military 730 mining, quarrying, and salt making 746 money and coinage 757 natural disasters 779 nomadic and pastoral societies 791, 792 numbers and counting 802 occupations 812 pandemics and epidemics 824 religion and cosmology 845–847 resistance and dissent 875 roads and bridges 883 sacred sites 902 scandals and corruption 913 science 932, 934–935 seafaring and navigation 956 settlement patterns 968 slaves and slavery 989 social organization 1010, 1023–1024 sports and recreation 1051–1052 storage and preservation 1066 textiles and needlework 1079, 1081 towns and villages 1085, 1090 trade and exchange 1100– 1101 transportation 1115 war and conquest 1138– 1140 weaponry and armor 1166 weights and measures 1176 writing 1187, 1188 Indian Ocean climate and geography 248 exploration 443 seafaring and navigation 953 Indo-European language language 615 migration and population movements 703–705, 708–709 Indo-Iranian-speaking cultures 703–705 Indonesia See also Java climate and geography 250–251 literature 651 Indus River 248 industries economy 355 employment and labor 432, 435 Indus Valley Civilization See Harappan civilization infanticide 454–456 infant mortality children 189, 193–195 family 450 health and disease 545, 547, 550, 553 infantry military 726–727, 730, 733, 734 war and conquest 1133, 1134, 1139, 1144, 1147, 1148, 1150 infants children 191 clothing and footwear 282 infections health and disease 551 pandemics and epidemics 821 infectious disease 828 infertility 449, 451 infidelity See adultery infinitesimal numbers 804 inflation economy 370 employment and labor 434 influenza 823–824 ingots money and coinage 758, 761f weights and measures 1177 inheritance 454 Initial Period (Americas) art 121 calendars and clocks 173 ink 1190 inkwell 1191f inoculation 824 insects food and diet 473 hunting, fishing, and gathering 576 storage and preservation 1066 instruction literature literature 643–645 war and conquest 1128 insulae architecture 81–82 building techniques and materials 161 cities 227 social organization 1038 towns and villages 1093 Insula of Diana at Ostia 81–82 insurance money and coinage 760 occupations 815 intellectual status 942 interest rates 760 Intertropical Convergence Zone 237 Inuit borders and frontiers 148 exploration 446 migration and population movements 720 trade and exchange 1107– 1108 invasions 1130, 1138 inventions 592–605 Africa 593–594, 593f Americas 603–605 Asia and the Pacific 598– 599, 599f Egypt 594–596, 595f Europe 599–600 Greece 600–601 Middle East 596–597, 597f Rome 601–603, 602f