PHILOSOPHY OF MIND work in it and upon it to some kind of harmony; and we may well understand how it is that we so often cannot repress the cry ‘Life is not easy’ (NIL 104) Like Plato, Freud regards mental health as harmony between the parts of the soul, and mental illness as unresolved discord between them ‘So long as the ego and its relations to the id fulfil these ideal conditions (of harmonious control) there will be no neurotic disturbance’ (SE xx 201) The ego’s whole endeavour is ‘a reconciliation between its various dependent relationships’ (xix 149) In the absence of such reconciliation mental disorders develop, and Freud details the symptoms of different kinds of internal conflict Philosophical Psychology in the Tractatus While Freud, in the Austrian capital, was giving his Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Wittgenstein, in the Austrian army, was constructing, in his notebooks, a different model of the mind Wittgenstein accepted that psychology was a genuine empirical science, and he saw philosophy of mind as standing in the same relation to psychology as philosophy in general stood to the natural sciences: its task was to clarify its propositions and draw limits to its competence (TLP 4.112, 4.113) It would this by analysing sentences reporting beliefs, judgements, perception, and the like; and above all by casting the light of logic on the nature of thought The first thing the Tractatus tells us about a thought is that it is a logical picture of facts A logical picture is a picture whose pictorial form—that which it has in common with what it depicts—is logical form Ordinary pictures may have more than logical form in common with what they depict, as a painting has spatial form in common with a landscape; but a thought is a picture in the mind that has in common with what it depicts nothing other than logical form Sometimes Wittgenstein identifies thoughts with propositions (TLP 4) But if we examine his use of ‘proposition’ closely, it is clear that there are two different elements involved There is the propositional sign or sentence, which is the holding of a relation between written or spoken words There is also what is expressed by this propositional sign, namely the thought, which is itself the holding of a relation between psychic elements, 207