HUME TO HEGEL objective time sequence unless we had already established relationships between causes and eVects.7 While Kant is hostile to empiricism, he attacks rationalism no less vigorously At the end of his analytic he insists that the categories cannot determine their own applicability, the principles cannot establish their own truth Understanding alone cannot establish that there is any such thing as a substance, or that every change has a cause All that one can establish a priori is that if experience is to be possible, certain conditions must hold But whether experience is possible cannot be established in advance: the possibility of experience is shown only by the actual occurrence of experience itself The analytic shows that there cannot be a world of mere appearances, mere objects of sense that not fall under any categories or instantiate any rules But we cannot conclude from this that there is a non-sensible world that is established by the intellect alone To accept the existence of extra-sensible objects that can be studied by the use of pure reason is to enter a realm of illusion, and in his ‘transcendental dialectic’ Kant explores this world of enchantment ‘Transcendental’, as has been said, means something that goes beyond and behind the deliverances of actual experience, and in his dialectic Kant has three principal targets: metaphysical psychology, metaphysical cosmology, and metaphysical theology ‘Pure reason’, he tells us, ‘furnished the idea for a transcendental doctrine of the soul, for a transcendental science of the world, and Wnally for a transcendental knowledge of God.’ In turn he tests to destruction the three notions of an immaterial immortal soul, of a surveyable cosmic whole, and of an absolutely necessary being Rationalist psychology, as practised by Descartes, started with the premiss ‘I think’ and concluded to the existence of a substance that was immaterial, incorruptible, personal, and immortal Kant argues that this line of argument is littered with fallacies—he lists four of them which he calls ‘the paralogisms of pure reason’ These paralogisms are not accidental: in principle, any attempt to go beyond empirical psychology must be guilty of fallacy In order to dismantle a priori cosmology, Kant sets up four antinomies An antinomy is a pair of contrasting arguments which lead to contradictory Kant’s account of the relation between time and causation is discussed in Chapter 105