DUNG ôn tập NGỮ PHÁP

ÔN TẬP NGỮ PHÁP (TRÌNH ĐỘ B) TÓM TẮT CÁC THÌ VÀ CÁCH DÙNG Present Perfect (Hiện tiếp diễn)2 Present Continuous ( Hiện đơn)1 Simple Present TENSES FORMULAS + ? _ To be S + am /is / are + … Ordinary Verb ( ĐT thường ) S + Vo / V-s / V-es + … Am / Is / Are + S + … ? Do / Does + S + Vo + …? S + am / is / are + not + … S + / does + not + Vo + … + S + am / is / are + V-ing + … ? Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing + …? _ S + am / is / are + not + V-ing + + S + has / have + V-ed / V3 + … ? Has / Have + S + V-ed / V3 + …? ADVERBS Today … Every day, Whenever, every ( night, Monday, week, month, year ) Often, Usually, Always, Sometimes, Frequently, Seldom, Rarely, Never, … USES § Một việc hữu § Một tập qn ( thói quen ) hay việc lập lập lại § Một thật hiển nhiên § Một qui luật tự nhiên / khoa học § Một câu cảm thán bắt đầu “here”, “there” Right away, Right now, Now, At present, At the moment, At this time …, Today § Một hành động xảy lúc nói § Một hành động xảy thời gian ( không thiết lúc nói ) § Một câu than phiền ( dùng với “always” ) § Một hành động xảy tương lai gần § Một tình tạm thời Already, Yet, Recently, Lately, Ever, Never, So far, Up to now, Since, For, Several times, Just This is + the + § Một hành động vừa xong § Một hành động vừa xảy khứ cịn kéo dài đến § Một hành động xong mà thời điểm không xác định rõ ràng Past Continuous ( Quá khứ đơn )5 Simple Past (Hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn)4 Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện hoàn thành) _ S + has / have + not + V-ed / V3 + … Superlative … This is the first / second time … + S + has / have + been + V-ing + … ? Has / have + S + been + V-ing + …? _ S + has / have + not + been + V-ing + To be S + was / were + … Ordinary Verb ( ĐT thường ) S + V-ed / V2 + … ? Was / Were + S + …? Did + S + Vo + …? _ S + was / were + not + … S + did + not + Vo + … + S + was / were + V-ing + … ? Was / Were + S + V-ing + …? _ S + was / were + not + V-ing + … Giống hồn thành Yesterday, Ago, In June, In 1995 …, Last ( Monday, week, month, year ), Last time, Last school year, Last summer While, When, As § Giống với hoàn thành khác hành động diễn tả diển liên tục khơng bị gián đoạn cịn tiếp tục diễn sau lúc nói § Một hành động xảy kết thúc khứ § Một thói quen q khứ § Một hành động khứ xảy sau hành động khứ khác § Một hành động xảy thời điểm khứ xác định § Hai hành động xảy song song thời điểm khứ § Một hành động tiến hành thời gian khứ hành động khác xảy ( Tương lai đơn )9 Simple Future (QKHT tiếp diễn)8 Past Perfect Continuous (Quá khứ hoàn thành)7 Past ( Quá Perfect khứ tiếp diễn ) + S + had + V-ed / V3 + … ? Had + S + V-ed / V3 + …? _ S + had + not + V-ed / V3 + … + S + had + been + V-ing + … ? Had + S + been + V-ing + …? _ + ? _ S + had + not + been + V-ing + … … before … long before By the time As if As though Giống q khứ hồn thành nói § Một hành động hoàn thành khứ trước hành động khứ khác bắt đầu § Một hành động kết thúc trước thời gian xác định khứ § Sự tồn việc tới thời gian khứ § Một hành động khởi đầu khứ tiếp diễn suốt khoảng thời gian tới hành động khứ khác xảy S + will + Vo + … Will + S + Vo + …? Few minutes Next Monday Next ( week, month, year ) Tomorrow § Một hành động xảy tương lai tình trạng tồn tương lai S + will + not + Vo + … + S + will + be + V-ing + … ? Will + S + be + V-ing + …? This time tomorrow, This time next week, § Một hành động tiến hành thời điểm tương lai § Một hành động tiến hành (Tương lai hoàn thành)11 Future Perfect10 Future Continuous _ S + will + not + be + V-ing + … At three o’clock tomorrow afternoon + thời điểm tương lai hành động khác xảy tới § Một hành động hoàn thành trước thời điểm xác định tương lai § Một hành động hồn thành trước hành động khác tương lai § Một hành động kéo dài đến thời điểm tương lai S + will + have + V-ed / V3 + … ? Will + S + have + V-ed / V3 + …? _ S + will + not + have + V-ed / V3 + … By next Monday Before, When … By the end of … VERB TENSES It was so hot that I shorts and a T – shirt A wearing B wore C was worn D wear Since she worked at the company she a day off through illness A hadn’t had B haven’t had C hasn’t had D didn’t have _ in the garden all day? You look exhausted A Have you been working B Had you been working C Are you working D Were you working Alexander Graham Bell _ the telephone by the time I was born A has already invented B already invented C had already invented D had already been invented I can’t afford that ring It _ too much A costs B cost C is costing D doesn’t cost I don’t own an umbrella I _ a waterproof hat on rainy days A wear B am wearing C was wearing D have worn Right now Martha is in the science building The chemistry experiment she is doing is dangerous, so she _ very careful A is B is being C was being D has been I am sitting in class right now I _ in class at this exact time yesterday A am sitting B were sitting C sat D was sitting In a break-in last week the burglars all my jewelry but left the picture A took B have taken C had taken D were taking 10 Come and see me when you your report A finish B finished C will finish D had finished 11 When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker _ speaking and the audience _ A just finished – were clapping B had just finished – had clapped C had just finished – were clapping D just finished – had clapped 12 He his job last month and since then he out of work A lost – was B was lost – has been C has lost – was D lost – has been 13 Robert is going to famous someday He in three movies already A has been appearing B had appeared C has appeared D appeared 14 “Where’s Polly?” “She .” A is in her room studying B in her room is studying C studies in her room D has in her room studied 15 “Hello? Alice? This is Jeff How are you?” “Jeff? What a coincidence! I about you when the phone rang.” A was just thinking B just thought C have just been thinking D was just thought 16 “What _ about the new simplified tax law?” “It’s more confusing than the old one.” A are you thinking B you think C have you thought D have you been thinking 17 Next week when there a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher A is being B is C will be D will have been 18 While I _ TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor A watch B watched C was watching D am watching 19 Fish were among the earliest forms of life Fish _ on earth for ages and ages A existed B are exciting C exist D have existed 20 The phone constantly since Jack announced his candidacy for president this morning A has been ringing B rang C had rung D had been ringing 21 The earth on the sun for its heat and light A is depended B is depending C was depending D depends 22 I don’t feel good I _ home from work tomorrow A am staying B stay C will have stayed D stayed 23 If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beach _ anymore A doesn’t exist B isn’t going to exist C isn’t existing D won’t be existing 24 “Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate?” “I _ a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.” A make B will make C am going to make D will have made 25 “Let’s go! What’s taking you so long?” “I’ll be there as soon as I my keys.” A found B will find C find D am finding 26 I’ve been in this city for a long time I here sixteen years ago A have come B was coming C came D had come 27 It’s against the law to kill the black rhinoceros They extinct A became B have became C become D are becoming 28 After ten unhappy years, Janice finally quit her job She along with her boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for a new position A hadn’t been getting B isn’t getting C didn’t get D hasn’t been getting 29 Jim, why don’t you take some time off? You too hard lately A worked B work C were working D have been working 30 The little girl started to cry She _ her doll, and no one was able to find it for her A has lost B had lost C was looking D was lost 31 Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached She at the computer for five straight hours Finally, she took a break A is sitting B has been sitting C was sitting D had been sitting 32 My family loves this house It the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years ago A was B has been C is D will be 33 “Is it true that spaghetti didn’t originate in Italy?” “Yes The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo brought it back to Italy.” A have been making B have made C had been making D make 34 “I once saw a turtle that had wings The turtle flew into the air to catch insects.” “Stop kidding I _ you.” A don’t believe B am not believing C didn’t believe D wasn’t believing 35 I borrowed four books on gardening the last time I _ to the library A go B went C had gone D have gone 36 After Jessica her degree, she intends to work in her father’s company A will finish B.will have finished C finishes D is finishing 37 By the time I go to bed tonight, I my work for the day A will finish B have finished C will have finished D finish 38 When my parents _ for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time A will arrive B arrived C will have arrived D arrive 39 Fatemah looked down to discover a snake at her feet When she saw it, she _ A was screaming B had screamed C screamed D screams 40 Until you learn to relax more, you your ability to speak English A haven’t improved B aren’t improving C don’t improve D won’t improve 41 Before I started the car, all of the passengers _ their seat belts A will buckle B had buckled C buckle D have buckled 42 It seems that whenever I travel abroad, I _ to take something I need A forget B am forgetting C forget D had forgotten 43 When I see the doctor this afternoon, I him to look at my throat A will ask B asked C will have asked D ask 44 After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they _ a simple crown of olive leaves A received B had received C were receiving D have received 45 After the race _, the celebration began A had been won B is won C will be won D has been won 46 I’ll return Bob’s pen to him the next time I _ him A see B will see C will have seen D have seen 47 I all of the questions correctly since I began this grammar exercise on verb tenses A am answering B answer C have answered D answered 48 A small stone struck the windshield while we _ the gravel road A drive B were driving C had driven D had been driving 49 By the time Alfonso finally graduated from high school, he seven different schools because his parents move frequently A attended B was attending C had attended D had been attending 50 A: Who’d like to take the VCR back to the visual aids room? Any volunteers? B: I it A will B am going to C was D should 51 A: Why did you buy so many vegetables? B: I make a large salad for the potluck dinner tonight A am going to B will C was D should 52 Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes for at least thirty minutes A are boiling B boiling C were boiling D have been boiling 53 “Could someone help me lift the lawnmower into the pickup truck?” “I’m not busy I you.” A help B will help C am going to help D am helping 54 Peter painted his room black It looks dark and dreary He _ a different color A had to choose B should have chosen C must have chosen D could have been choosing 55 Tom is sitting at her desk He’s reading his chemistry test because he has a test tomorrow He _ A could study B should be studying C will study D must be studying *** THE END *** COMPARISONS Equal comparisons (so sánh bằng) S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun/ pronoun Ex1: My book is as interesting as yours Ex2: His car runs as fast as a race car Ex3: John sings as well as his sister Nếu câu phủ định, as thứ thay so Ex4: He is not as tall as his father Ex5: He is not so tall as his father Khi so sánh danh từ, sử dụng cấu trúc sau: S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun Ex6: These trees are the same as those Ex7: He speaks the same language as she Ex8: Her address is the same as Rita’s Comparatives (so sánh hơn) S + V + short adj/adv + er + than + noun/pronoun S + V + more/less + long adj/adv + than +noun/pronoun Ex1: John’s grades are higher than his sister’s Ex2: Today is hotter than yesterday Ex:3 This chair is more comfortable than the other Ex4: He speaks Spanish more fluently than I Ex5: He visits his family less frequently than she does Ex6: This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s Comparatives nhấn mạnh cách thêm much far trước cụm từ so sánh S + V + far/much + short adj/adv + er + than + noun/pronoun S + V + far/much + more + long adj/adv + than +noun/pronoun Ex1: A waterlemon is much sweeter than a a lemon Ex2: His car is far better than yours Ex3: Henry’s watch is far more expensive than mine Ex4: That movie we saw last night was much more interesting than the one on TV 10 - If you ask me, I can help you - You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam * Mệnh đề mệnh lệnh thỉnh cầu: - Come to me if you need help - If you have time, perfect your English Type II: ĐIỀU KIỆN KHƠNG CĨ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI: (Present- unreal Condition) 1/ Ý nghĩa: Loại điều kiện diễn tả điều kiện khó xảy hay việc không thực tương lai 2/ Thì động từ: If-clause Past Subjunctive (Quá khứ giả định) Main clause Present Conditional ( Could / would + verb) - If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming (= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming) - If Tom were here, he would know the answer (= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.) - I would call him if I knew his number (= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him) * Past Subjunctive (Quá khứ giả định): hình thức khứ đơn động từ ngoại trừ động từ “to be” có hình thức WERE cho tất ngơi * COULD, MIGHT… dùng để thay cho should hay would - If John worked hard, he could pass his exam Type III : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHƠNG CĨ THẬT Ở Q KHỨ (Past-unreal Condition): 1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện dùng để diễn tả điều kiện hồn tồn khơng thực khơng xảy q khứ 2/ Thì động từ : 36 If-clause Main clause Past perfect Perfect Conditional (Could/ would have + V-ed / V3 …) - If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house - I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday * “If” lược bỏ có đảo ngữ (thường dùng hình thức nhấn mạnh) - Were I rich, I would help you (= If I were rich, I would help you.) - Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry (= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry) * Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện bắt đầu liên từ khác như: suppose, supposing that (giả sử như), on the condition that (với điều kiện là), as long as, so long as, provided that (miễn là), in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay cho là) - As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure * Hai tiếng có nghĩa phủ định là: unless (trừ phi), but for (nếu không) - He won’t come unless you call him (= He won’t come if you don’t call him.) - But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier EXERCISE I: Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses 1/ If I (have) had a typewriter, I could type it myself 2/ If I had known that you were in hospital, I (visit) would have visited you 3/You could make much progress if you (attend) attended class regularly 4/ If I (know) knew his telephone number, I would give it to you 5/ If you (arrive) had arrived ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat 6/ If he (study) studies harder, he can pass an exam 7/ She may be late if she (not hurry) doesn’t hurry 8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) see him 37 9/ If you (speak) had spoken more slowly,he might have understood you 10/ What (you do) will you if you got fat? EXERCISE II: Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces 1/ Unless we hurry, we’ll miss the bus 2/ Will you phone me if you come to England? 3/ If you see Jane, ask her to contact me 4/ You’ll never pass your exam if you don’t work harder 5/ Liverpool won’t win unless they begin playing better EXERCISE III: Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses Mode : a/ My brother will have enough money He will buy a bicycle → If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle b/ She can’t speak English She won’t apply for the job → If she could speak English, she would apply for the job c/ He wasn’t here He didn’t have a lot of fun → If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun 1/ She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree - If she had a college degree, she could be employed 2/ I don’t have enough money I can’t go on a long holiday this year - If I had enough money, I would go on a long holiday this year 3/ He is very slow, so we won’t give his such an important task - If he wasn’t very slow, we would give his such an importand task 4/ I’ll have to work this Sunday, so I shan’t join your picnic - If I don’t have to work this Sunday, I will join your pinic 5/ He works overtime to get more money because he has to pay father’s debt - If he didn’t have to pay father’s debt, he wouldn’t work overtime to get more money 38 PASSIVE VOICE GENERAL CASES Active: S + verb + Object Passive: S + be P.P + by Object (PP: Past participle) TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE Present V/ V-s/ V-es is/ am/ are + V-ed/V3 simple Ex: She cleans the floor everyday The floor is cleaned everyday Past V2/ V-ed was/ were + V-ed/V3 simple Ex: Where did they find the drugs ? Where were the drugs found? Present is/ am/ are + V-ing is/ am/ are + being + V-ed/V3 continuous Ex: Mr.Baker is repairing the car The car is being repaired by Mr Baker Past was/ were + V-ing continuous Ex: I was doing my homework at 8.00 yesterday Present has/ have + V-ed/V3 perfect Ex: Someone has stolen the bicycles Past had + V-ed/V3 perfect Ex: She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm Future will + Vo simple Ex: Police will destroy these drugs was/ were + being + V-ed/V3 My homework was being done at 8.00 yesterday has/ have + been + V-ed/V3 The bicycles have been stolen had + been + V-ed/V3 Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m will + be + V-ed/V3 The drugs will be destroyed by police Future will + have + V-ed/V3 will + have + been + V-ed/V3 perfect Ex: I will have finished my homework My homework will have been by next Sunday finished by next Sunday Be going Be going to + Vo Be going to + be + V-ed/V3 to Ex: People are going to build this This bridge is going to be built bridge next year next year 39 Notes:  Dạng động từ TO BE (be – was/ were – been - being) câu bị động mang hình thức ĐỘNG TỪ CHÍNH câu chủ động  ĐỘNG TỪ CHÍNH câu bị động luôn dạng PAST PARTICIPLE (V-ed/V3)  Có thể bỏ: by me/ her/ him/ us/ it/  Bắt buộc bỏ: by people/ them/ someone/ somebody/ everyone/ … II Rewrite these sentences without changing their meaning They made this ao dai in Vietnam - This ao dai was made in Vietnam They are going to keep the refrigerator door closed all the time - The refrigerator door is going to be kept closed all the time Five days of non-stop heavy rain caused severe floods - Severe floods were caused by five days of non-stop heavy rain Her parents must divide this cake into three equal parts - This cake must be divided into three equal parts by her parents They gave me two new shirts at the shop - I was given two new shirts at the shop - Two new shirts were given to me at the shop They have painted the wall white - The wall has been painted white They rumored that five people was injured in that accident - It was rumored that he was injured in that accident - Five people were rumored to have been injured in that accident They told me to go away - I was told to go away Nobody has seen him for years - He hasn’t been seen for years 10 She will look after the little girl carefully - The little girl will be looked after carefully 11 A car ran over our dog - Our dog was run over by a car 12 Most students love school uniforms - School uniforms are loved by most students 13 Someone stole their car - Their car was stolen 40 14 Who sent the letter? - By whom was the letter sent? - Who was the letter sent by? 15 Uncle John has raised a lot of chickens and ducks on the farm - A lot of chickens and ducks have been raised on the farm by Uncle John 16 People say that we will have a cold winter - It is said that we will have a cold winter - We are said to have a cold winter 17 She made me cry - I was made to cry 18 When we came, everybody was doing the housework - When we came, the housework was being done 19 I had the mechanic repair my car - I had my car repaired 20 We heard the boy cry in the room - The boy was heard to cry in the room BẢNG ĐỘNG TỪ BẤT QUY TẮC TIẾNG ANH Trong xử lý ngôn ngữ học Anh Văn cần đến bảng động từ bất quy tắc Lục tìm Internet tơi có danh sách Có lẽ bổ ích chia cho người để lưu trữ liệu Infinitive Past Past participle Nghĩa 1.abide abode abode Trú ngụ,chịu đựng 2.arise arose arisen Nổi dậy, lên 3.awake awoke awoke, awaked Tỉnh dậy ,đánh thức 4.be was, were been Thì, là, ở, bị 5.bear bore borne, born Mang, chịu đựng, sinh đẻ 6.beat beat beaten Đánh 7.become became become Thành,trở nên 8.befall befell befallen Xảy tới 41 9.begin began begun Bắt đầu 10.behold beheld beheld Ngắm , nhìn 11.bend bent bent Uốn cong 12.bereave bereft bereft Lấy đi, tước đoạt 13.bespeak bespoke bespoken Đặt trước, giữ trước 14.beseech besought besought Van xin 15.bet bet bet Đánh cuộc, cá 16.bid bade bid, bidden Ra lênh 17.bind bound bound Buộc, dính vào 18.bite bit bit, bitten Cắn 19.bleed bled bled Chảy máu 20.blow blew blown Thổi 21.break broke broken Làm vỡ, bẻ gãy 22.breed bred bred Nuôi nấng 23.bring brought brought Mang lại, đem lại 24.build built built Xây dựng 25.burn burnt burnt Đốt cháy 26.burst burst burst Nổ 27.buy bought bought Mua 28.cast cast cast Liệng, ném, quăng 29.catch caught caught Bắt, chụp 30.chide chid chidden Quở mắng 31.choose chose chosen Lựa chọn 32.cleave clove, cleft cloven, chleft Chẻ ra, tách 33.cling clung clung Bám, quyến luyến 34.clothe clad clad Mặc, bận quần áo 35.come came come Đến 36.cost cost cost Trị giá 37.creep crept crept Bò 38.crow crew, crowwed crowed Gáy, gà gáy 39.cut cut cut Cắt 40.deal dealt dealt Giao thiệp, chia 42 41.dig dug dug Đào 42.do did done Làm 43.draw drew drawn Kéo, vẽ 44.dream dreamt dreamt Mơ, mộng 45.drink drank drunk Uống 46.drive drove driven Đưa, lái xe 47.dwell dwelt dwelt Ở, trú ngụ 48.eat ate eaten Ăn 49.fall fell fallen Ngã, rơi 50.feed fed fed Nuôi cho ăn 51.feel felt felt Cảm thấy 52.fight fought fought Đánh , chiến đấu 53.find found found Tìm thấy, 54.flee fled fled Chạy trốn 55.fling flung flung Ném 56.fly flew flown Bay 57.forbear forbore forbone Kiêng cử 58.forbid forbade forbidden Cấm 59.foresee foresaw foreseen Tiên tri 60.foretell foretold foretold Tiên đoán 61.forget forget forgetten Quên 62.forgive forgave forgiven Tha thứ 63.forsake forsook forsaken Bỏ rơi, từ bỏ 64.forswear forswore forsworn Thề bỏ 65.freeze froze frozen Đơng lại , đóng băng 66.get got got, gotten Được, trở nên 67.gild gilt gilt Mạ vàng 68.gard gart gart Cuốn xung quanh 69.give gave given Cho 70.go went gone Đi 71.grind ground ground Xay, nghiền nhỏ 72.grow grew grown Lớn lên, mọc 73.hang hung Treo 43 74.have had had Có 75.hear heard heard Nghe 76.heave hove hove Nhấc lên, nâng lên 77.hew hewed hewn Gọt đẽo 78.hide hid hid, hidden Ẩn, trốn 79.hit hit hit Đụng chạm 80.hold held hold Cầm giữ 81.hurt hurt hurt Làm đau, làm hại 82.inlay inlaid inlaid Khảm, cẩn 83.keep kept kept Giữ 84.kneel knelt knelt Quì gối 85.knit knit knit Đan 86.know knew known Biết 87.lade laded laden Chất, chở, gánh 88.lead led led Dẫn dắt, lãnh đạo 89.lay laid laid Để, đặt, để trứng 90.lean leant leant Dựa vào 91.leap leapt leapt Nhảy 92.learn learnt learnt Học, tin 93.leave left left Bỏ lại, rời khỏi 94.lend lent lent Cho vay 95.let let let Hãy để, cho phép 96.lie lay lain Nằm dài 97.light lit lit Đốt, thắp (đèn) 98.lose lost lost Mất, đánh 99.make made made Làm, chế tạo 100.mean meant meant Có nghĩ, muốn nói 101.meet met met Gặp 102.mistake mistook mistaken Lầm lẫn 103.mislead misled misled Dẫn lạc đường 104.mow mowed mown Cắt (cỏ) 105.outdo outdid outdone Vượt lên, làm 106.outgo outwent outgone Vượt quá, lấn 44 107.overcast overcast overcast Làm mờ, làm khuất 108.overcome overcame overcome Vượt lên, trấn áp 109.overdo overdone Làm thái 110.overdrive overdrove overdriven Bắt làm 111.overhear overheard Nghe lỏm, nghe 112.overspreadoverspread overspread Lan ra, phủ khắp 113.overhang overhung overhung Dựng xiên 114.overrun overran overrun Tràn ngập 115.overtake overtook overtaken Bắt kịp 116.overthrow overthrew overthrown Lật đổ 117.pay paid paid Trả tiền 118.put put put Đặt, để 119.read read read Đọc 120.rend rent rent Xé, làm rách 121.rid rid rid Vứt bỏ 122.ride rode roden Cỡi (ngụa, xe),đi xe 123.ring rang rung Rung chuông 124.rise rose risen Mọc lên 125.rive rived riven Chẻ, tách 126.rot rotted rotten Thối, mục nát 127.run ran run Chạy 128.saw sawed sawn Cưa 129.say said said Nói 130.see saw seen Thấy 131.seek sought sought Tìm kiếm 132.sell sold sold Bán 133.send sent sent Gửi, phải 134.set set set Để, đặt, lập nên 135.shake shook shaken Lắc, lay, rũ 136.shear shere, sheared shorn Gọt, cắt (lông cừu) 137.shed shed shed Đổ, tràn 138.shine shone shone Chiếu sáng 139.shoe shod shod Đóng móng ngựa overdid overheard 45 140.shoot shot shot Bắn, phóng mạnh 141.show showed shown Chỉ, trỏ 142.shred shred shred Băm, chặt nhỏ 143.shrink shrank shrunk Rút lại, co 144.shrive shrove shriven Xưng tội 145.shut shut shut Đóng lại 146.sing sang sung Hát 147.sink sank sunk Đắm, chìm, nhận, chìm 148.sit sat sat Ngồi 149.slay slew slain Giết 150.sleep slept slept Ngủ 151.slide slid slid Lướt, trượt, trơn 152.slink slink slink Chuồn 153.sling slung slung Ném, liệng, bắn ná 154.slit slit slit Bổ đôi, chẻ 155.smell smelt smelt Ngửi thấy 156.smite smote, smit smitten Đánh, đâm đá 157.sow sowed sown Gieo hạt 158.speak spoke spoken Nói, xướng ngơn 159.speed sped sped Làm nhanh 160.spell spelt spelt Đánh vần 161.spend spent spent Tiêu xài 162.spill spilt spilt Đổ vãi 163.spin spun spun Kéo sợi 164.spit spat spat Nhổ, khạc 165.split split split Bổ, xẻ, chẻ, tách 166.spread spread spread Trải ra, làm tràn 167.spring sprang sprung Nhảy, nẩng lên 168.stand stood stood Đứng 169.steal stole stolen Ăn trộm, cắp 170.stick stuck stuck Dán, dính 171.sting stung stung Châm, đốt 172.stink stank stank Hơi, có mùi 46 173.stride strode stridden Đi bước dài 174.strike struck struck Đánh, co vào 175.string strung strung Xỏ dây 176.strive strove striven Cố gắng, nổ lực 177.swear swore sworn Thề 178.sweat sweat sweat Ra mồi hôi 179.sweep swept swept Quét 180.swell swelled swellen Phồng lên, sưng 181.swim swam swum Bơi lội 182.swing swung swung Đánh đu 183.take took taken Lấy 184.teach taught taught Dạy 185.tear tore torn Làm rách, xé 186.tell told told Nói, kể lại, bảo 187.think thought thought Nghĩ, tưởng 188.thrive throve thriven Thịnh vượng 189.throw threw thrown Ném liệng, quăng 190.thrust thrust thrust Đẩy, nhét vào 191.tread trod trodden Dẫm đạp, giày xéo 192.unbend unbent unent Dàn 193.undergo underwent undergone Chịu đựng 194.understandunderstood understood Hiểu 195.indo indid inodne Thỏa, cởi, phá bỏ 196.upset upset upset Lật đổ, lộn ngược, buồn phiền 197.wake woke woken Thức tỉnh 198.wear wore worn Mang, mặc, đeo … 47 PRONUNCIATION (CÁCH PHÁT ÂM) -ed phát âm I /id/ II /t/ III /d/ A CÁCH PHÁT ÂM – ed (Thì q khứ động từ có qui tắc) sau âm Ví dụ CHÚ Ý NGOẠI LỆ s raised phát Những tính từ kết thúc /t/ wanted âm /z/ (chớ /s/), –ed thường gặp mà /d/ needed mà âm /z/ khơng có khơng theo luật phần phần I&II, nên –ed phải I,II, & III phát âm /d/ learned /id/ : a learned (raised /reizd/) man /f/ laughed Một số động từ chấm dứt beloved /id/ : a beloved /k/ looked -se: father /p/ leaped -se phát âm /z/: naked /id/ : naked eye /s/ passed raise, organize, erase, sacred /id/ : sacred /∫/ washed grease, tease, close, books /t∫/ watched impose, enclose, cause, … paved /id/ : paved -se phát âm /s/: streets cease, chase, collapse, aged /id/ : an aged man sau showed decrease, increase, wicked /id/ : a wicked nguyên âm & raised person phụ âm khác (xem purchase, practice, promise, relapse, release, blessed /id/ với âm ý 1) … I & II B CÁCH PHÁT ÂM -S Từ cuối -s xuất trường hợp sau: số nhiều danh từ (books /s/), thứ số động từ (Simple present) (He arrices /z/), sở hữu cách danh từ (Dick’s book /s/) Cả 48 trường hợp nầy điều theo luật đây: -s sau Ví dụ phát âm âm I /iz/ II /s/ III /z/ Được ghi chữ /s/ /ʒ/ /z/ /∫/ / t∫/ /dʒ/ /ks/ pass, passes rouge, rouges rise, rises push, pushes watch, watches page, pages box, boxes s, ss,ce ge z, s sh ch ge x /f/ /k/ /p/ /t/ /θ/ laugh, laughs cake, cakes tape, tapes pet, pets month, months f, ph, gh k,c p t th sau nguyên âm & phụ âm khác với âm I & II see, sees learn, learns tube, tubes CHÚ Ý Cho phần II /1: 13 danh từ số tận – f – fe (phát âm / f/ đổi số nhiều thành – ves (phát âm / vz/: calf / caves; elf / elves; half / halves; knife / knives; leaf / leaves; life / lives; loaf / loaves; self / selves; sheaf / sheaves; 10 shelf / shealves; 11 thief / thieves; 12 wife / wives; 13 wolf / wolves Cho phần II / & phần III: -e không phát âm phần liệt kê phần II & III số nhiều tận –es: cakes, clothes, stones, tapes, tubes, … Cho phần II / (Ngoại lệ) Những tiếng sau tận âm /θ/, đổi sang số nhiều không đọc /s/ mà đọc /z/: baths, mouths, oaths, paths, wreaths, youths, … Danh từ tận –o (echo, hero, potato, tomato, …) số nhiều thêm –es đọc /z/ (potatoes /z/) Cột ghi chữ có phần dễ hiểu có hại kiến thức có nhiều trường hợp khơng (ghi âm hợp lí) Ví dụ: Phần II / 1: Trong laugh, cough gh có âm /f/ Nhưng weigh, plough, borough ,… gh lại câm Ta có: She laughs /s/ He weighs /z/ She coughs /s/ His father ploughs /z/ 49 50 ... fail the exam SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT (Sự tương hợp giữ chủ ngữ động từ) Chủ ngữ số (singular subject) → động từ số (singular verb) Chủ ngữ số nhiều (plural subject) → động từ số nhiều (plural verb)... người, vật với vật Các lỗi thường mắc phải sử dụng câu so sánh không hợp lý chia làm loại: sở hữu cách, that of those of + So sánh không dùng than (giữa đối tượng) Khi so sánh người vật mà khơng... thiết cho ý nghĩa câu Bỏ câu không đủ nghĩa Ex: He gave a tip to the porter who carried his luggage Thank you for the help that you have given me Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non- defining relative