VAI D D T * H N E T M l l N V E T I E U N A M T H U Y E T Q L a mot bo phan cua nen van hoc Viet Nam, nhung cho den van hoc thi mien Nam giai dogn 1954-1975 van chua dugc cac nhd nghien cuu quan tarn thoa dang, de tu co su ddnh gid todn dien Van hgc dd thj mien Nam giai dogn 1954-1975 khd da dgng ve the logi vd cd su phdt trien tuong ddi ddng deu Tha ca nd rd, tieu thuyet dugc mua, truyen ngdn vd kjch phdt trien mgnh Tren mat bdng chung d'y, tieu thuyet vd tho van Id the logi trdi han cd, nhdt Id tieu muye't So vdi thdi ki trudc 1954 (tren cd mien Nam, Bdc), so lugng tdc gid viet tieu thuyet d dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 ddng ddo han hdn Tu 1954-1975, so lugng tieu thuyet dugc xud't bdn len den so hang nghin cudn; mdi nam, cd cd tram cudn tieu thuyet mdi dugc ddi So lugng nhd van ddng ddo, tdc phdm ddi ddo, tieu thuyet dd thi mien Nam dugc phdn chia thdnh nhieu khuynh hudng khdc Dugc thua nhdn cd gid trj nhdt Id khuynh hudng tieu thuyet viet ve thdn phdn ngudi Qua trinh phdt trien cua tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 2.1 Giai dogn tu 1954 den 1959: Trong giai dogn ndy, tieu thuyet chua cd ddng gdp gi ddng ke, bdi it ve lugng vd ngheo ve chdt Cdc nhd van da phdn tiep tuc Idi viet cu thdi tien chien, hgc theo vdn chuang cua Tu lyc Vdn dodn vdi nhung tieu thuyet xoay quanh chuyen tinh yeu ddi lua, vdi gigng van ke le khdng gdy dugc an tugng gi Vdo cudi giai dogn, thdp thodng mdt vdi tdc phdm ddng dugc ggi Id thdnh cdng han cd nhu «Dd dgc" cua Binh Nguyen Ldc (xudt bdn ndm 959), «Nhung ngudi trdng" cua Nhdt Tien (xud't bdn ndm 1959) Nhung tdc phdm ndy dd thodt khdi Idi viet cu mdn, nhdm nhgt vd cot truyen quanh qudn, gian dan, chi hudng den myc dich gidi tri md cd tinh chdt cdng phu, tim tdi, sang tgo hem «D6 dgc" cua Binh Nguyen Ldc chua thodt li hdn the logi tieu thuyet phdn tich tdm li tinh cam, phdn cdt yeu nhdt cua tdc - NGUYEN THI VIET NGA* phdm vdn di vdo mieu td nhung mdi tinh tho mdng nai thdn dd nhung tdc gid dd cd nhung thdnh cdng nhdt dinh viec xdy dyng nhdn vdt cd cd tinh rd ret vd gigng dieu da thanh, ket hgp giua cdi sdu ndo, u budn, ma mdng vdi tieng cudi trao phung; cdc tinh tiet dugc xdy dyng hgp li, hd'p dan Ngdi but cua Binh Nguyen Ldc «D6 dgc"\a\ tinh khai thdc hogt ddng, ngdn ngu, tinh cam chdn that cua ngudi Nam bp; phdng khodng mieu td cdnh vdt thien nhien «Nhung ngudi trdng" cua Nhgt Tien dugc viet khd ki cdng Tdc gid cd nhung thdnh cdng nhdt djnh mieu td nhung ndi cd ddc, ba va, tui nhyc, nhung ban khodn, khdc khodi tdm hdn nhung dua tre md cdi phdi song cd nhi vien Khdng dm dgm, Ignh lung, u budn cua trgi tre md cdi dy dudi ngdi but cua nhd vdn cd sue dm dnh rd ret Vugt qua nhung tdc phdm tieu thuyet di tinh duang thdi, «Nhung ngudi trdng" chiem dugc cam tinh cua ddng ddo ddc gid bdi tdc gid dd bay td sy cam thdng vdi nhung phdn ddi cdi cut, bd't hgnh vd dy cam bd't an trudc xd hdi logn Igc, khd dau Mdt sdtdc gid dd cd cd gang viec xdy dyng nhdn vdt, mieu td khdng xd hdi vd tim tdi Idi viet mdi 2.2 Giai dogn tu 1960 den 1965: Day Id giai dogn tieu thuyet cd nhieu cd gdng cy the vdi nhung ddu hieu ddi mdi rd ret Tuy nhien, d ddu giai dogn, vdo nhung ndm 1961 -1 962 cd sy trdi day cua cdc tdc gid tieu thuyet cu Tieu thuyet tien chien cua Nhdt Linh ludn ddn ddu ve so lugng phdt hdnh, so Idn tdi bdn Rdi, logi truyen ddi ki in bdo, viet vdi vdng, de ddi, chi chu y khia cgnh gidt gdn hay Idm li bi ddt de chieu theo thj hieu cua ddc gid binh ddn dugc xudt bdn thdnh sdeh hang logt, nhu cdc tieu thuyet: «Ddi mdt ngudi xua", «Nudc mdt ngudi ddn bd" (2 tap) cua Nggc Linh; «Ld lang", «Nhung thien tinh hdn" cua Le Vdn Truang; «Nggc tuyen thdm su" cua Thdm The Hd Ngodi ra, nhung bd truyen kiem hiep ddi d gt vdo ndm 962 vdi nhung * Hoi Van hoc nghe thuat tinh Hai Dirong Tap chi Giao due so 261 (ki i - 5/2011) cudc thu- vd phai loan xq Nhung loqi tieu thuyet chi mang hnh giai tri, khdng co sy dau tu nghiem tuc ve nghe thuat «Y thuc xa hoi da so tieu thuyet Id md nhat, cam tfnh, khdng soi sang them cho ngudi doc nhung gi rd ret, cy the ve nhung ngudi vd cdnh ddi trudc mat" Ngudi cam but «bdt chung ta chd'i bd cudc ddi trudc mdt, hodc dua chung ta di xem trien Idm nhung mdn chai cham trd' cdng phu" (Cd Phuang Thdo - «Tieu thuyet nam 1961" - Bach Khoa 121,15/1 / l 962) Nhung dan dan, nhung ten tudi cu dd nhudng chd cho nhung cdy but mai, xudt hien ngdy mdt ddng Ngudi dpc ddi hdi d tieu thuyet «ngodi sy gidi tri mudn tim van chuang it nhieu sy thyc ve nhung cdnh ddi trudc mdt vd nhung cdnh ddi dy ngudi dpc mong tim gap Iqi minh, ngudi dang song, hieu sy song" Cdc tdc gid tre nhu Vd Phien [«Dem xuan trang sang"), Trdn Nhdt Tien («Them hoang" - tdc phdm duac gidi vdn chuang 1962 cua Trung tdm Vdn but Viet Nam), Phan Van Tqo («Cdi bong bong Ian"), Lan Dinh [«Dudng xa chi may"), Pham Pham [«D6i mat"), Mac Thu [«Bdt com bat mau"), Do Thuc Vjnh («Mua dnh"), Binh Nguyen Ldc («Nhen chd mdi ai") dd mang Iqi ludng sinh mdi cho vdn chuang ndi chung vd tieu thuyet ndi rieng Nhung tdc gid tre ndy dd cd cd gdng viec tim tdi cdi mdi, khdng loanh quanh vdi de tdi cu, quanh qudn vdi ba mdi tinh ddm le md nghieng ve phia nhung ngudi bj bac ddi xd hdi, nhung thdn phdn dau khd, khdn cung Tieu thuyet dd bdt ddu de cap tdi nhung van de xd hdi: cudc song ngheo khd, tdm tdi bdi chien tranh («Jhem hoang", «Bdt cam bdt mdu"); kiep song budn bd, cd dan, vd nghTa cua ngudi cudc ddi («Mdy hoang hdn" cua Nhdt Tien) Cdc nhd van dd td can trong, cdng phu han Idi viet Sau ndm 1963, tinh hinh chinh trj, xd hdi d dd thj mien Nam cd nhieu bien ddng du dpi, khien cho van hoc nghe thudt cung bien ddng theo Sy kien Phdt ddn ngdy 8/5/1963 vdi sy ty thieu cua hda thuang Thich Tri Qudng phdn ddi sy ddn dp, thien vj ton gido (chi de cao Thien Chua gido, ddn dp Phdt gido) cua che dp Ngd Dinh Diem dd Idm day len Idn song cam phdn todn xd hdi ddi vdi chinh phu hq Ngd Chien tranh ngdy cdng khdc liet han MTthyc hien «chien tranh ddc biet" tai mien Nam Viet Nam Nhung trdn ddnh Idn nd lien tiep Sy cdng thdng, ngdt ngqt bao trum cudc song nhdn ddn Cudc ddo Tap chi Giao due so 261 (ki i shorty chinh ngdy 1/11/1961 Idt dd Ngd Dinh Diem dd day chinh phu Viet Nam cdng hda vdo khung hoang tram Bdo tdthdi dai tdc ddng manh me den cdc nhd van Hp y thuc duac ddi hdi mdi cua xd hdi ve van nghe nhung chua the lap tuc chuyen hudng ngdi but cua minh Ldi viet tieu thuyet cu khai thdc chuyen tinh yeu, khai thdc tdm li ngudi dd trd nen qua nhdm chdn Cudc song nhieu bien ddng trudc mdt ddn day ngudi vdo nhung hodn cdnh khdc liet Tdm li ngudi ddi khdc, nhung cam nhdn, khdt vpng cung khdc di ddi hdi van chuang cung phdi cd sy chuyen bien rd ret de the hien duac ngudi thdi dai Cd the ndi giai doan 1963-1965 Id thdi gian chudn bj cua cdc nhd vdn dd thj mien Nam de di den sy ddi mdi manh me nhung ndm tiep theo Trong thdi gian chudn bj dy, cd luc tieu thuyet bj chung Iqi nhu the Idm vdo be tdc (nhdt Id nhung nam 962, 1963 vd nua ddu ndm 1964), «khdng cd mdt nhdm vdn nghe ndo xudt hien them, khdng cd mdt dudng Idi ndo mdi me duac phdt hien, khdng cd mdt tim tdi mdi ve kT thudt" Hodn cdnh chien tranh, sy khd khdn ciia cudc song tdc ddng nhieu den cd ngudi viet vd ngudi dpc Cdc nhd vdn lo viet bdo kiem tien, khdng cd thdi gian, tdm tri ddn vdo nhung tieu thuyet ddi hai Ngudi doc ludn phdi ddi mdt vdi cudc song cdng thdng, khong du tiln dd mua tieu thuyet Neu cd tim den vdn chuang nghe thudt, lya chpn hang ddu cua da sd ngudi dpc Id nhung truyen gidi tri de tqm thdi quen di nhung lo du, thdp thdm cua cudc sdng Tuy vdy, cdng ve cudi giai doan (nua cudi ndm 1964, ndm 1965), tieu thuyet cdng cd nhieu tin hieu ddi mai Sy xudt hien cua cdc cdy but tre vdi cdch nhin, cdch cam tao bao ve ngudi vd cudc sdng dd mang Iqi cho tieu thuyet mdt huong vj mdi me, mdt ludng sinh mdi, sy gdp mat cua hq tren vdn ddn vdn rdi rqc, le te O cdc tdc gid ndy, khdng ddu vet cua Idi vdn chuang Idm ddng, muot md, dem dep hay Idm li, sudt mudt Con ngudi tieu thuyet budc ddu y thuc ve thdn phdn dau khd cua minh giua mdt xd hdi loan lac vd phi li Thdi dp phdn khdng vd phd phdeh cua nhdn vdt cung dugc bdt ddu tu nhung cdy but mdi ndy Ndm 965 Id nam ddu mdc rd rdng nhdt cho sy chuyen hudng cua tieu thuyet Nhieu tu tudng mdi cua phuang Tdy ve vdn hoc nghe thudt vd triet hoc qua mdt thdi gian dugc gidi thieu dd cd dnh hudng sdu sdc den sdng tdc, phe binh van hgc nghe thudt, den Idi sdng cua ngudi dd thj, ddc biet Id tdng lap nien vd tri thuc Nhieu trudng phai van nghe tranh luan vai ve duang Idi, lap truang, quan diem sdng tdc Ddu an cua nhung tu tudng, hoc thuyet mdi ve triet hoc, vdn hoc nghe thudt dd xudt hien cdc sdng tdc van cnuang, nhdt Id tieu thuyet Trong dd, sy dnh hudng cua triet hoc hien sinh, vdn hoc hien sinh tieu thuyet Id rd ret nhdt Van de thdn phdn ngudi budc ddu dugc khai thdc vd tqo nen nhung an tuang nhdt djnh Cdc cdy but tieu thuyet nghieng ve thdn phdn ngudi cung dd gdt hdi duac nhieu thdnh cdng han Vd Phien vdi cudn tieu thuyet «Mot minh" dd td tinh vi han khai thdc ndi tdm nhdn vdt Ta thdy «Mot minh"sy dnh hudng khd rd ret cua triet hoc hien sinh, cu the han nua Id cudn «Bu6n non" cua J.P Sartre Con ngudi ddi dien vdi bdn thdn, nhin thdng vdo chinh minh de nhdn mdt sy that bi ddt: minh cd don tuyet ddi Khdng cd hieu minh, khdng cd yeu minh, ngudi chi Id mdt hien huu cd dan giua the gidi ddng due xung quanh Nguyen Dinh Todn xudt bdn cudn tieu thuyet «Con dudng", khai thdc de tdi ve thdn phdn ngudi bj cudc ddi quen lang vd sy khdc liet cua cudc sdng xung quanh Cd the thdy, «Con dudng", Nguyen Dinh Todn chju dnh hudng nhieu tu Idi trinh bay cdu ki cua J.P Sartre Tdc gid Thanh Tdm Tuyen vdi nhung tieu thuyet «Khudn mat", «Ung thu" (ddng ddi ki tren tap san Vdn) vd «Cdt lay" (ddng ddi ki tren tap chi Bach Khoa) dd dyng len mdt the gidi u udt den nghet tha Trong the gidi dy, nhung nhdn vdt cua dng mang tdm trang tdt nguyen, ddi luc bdc ddng Hq khao khdt sdng manh liet, sdng mdt cudc sdng cd y nghla dich thyc chu khdng phdi lay Idt, vdt vd nhu nhung bona ma, nhung cudc sdng budn te, chdn chudng cu nhdn chim hp Long khdt sdng manh liet bien thdnh sy phd phdeh Con ngudi mudn dap dd, hd't tung nhung thdnh luy cu, nhung khudn sdo reu phong, chdt hep, nhung ket cue chi Id tdm trang chdn nan rd rdi trudc thyc tai Tdc gid Duyen Anh vdi mdt loqt tieu thuyet viet ve «the gidi he phd": «Thang Vu", «Ludt he phd", «Dieu ru nude mat" dd bay td cdi nhin cam thdng, trdn ddi vdi nhung ngudi bj hd't ngodi le cudc sdng Duyen Anh nhdn khdt vpng sdng manh liet, khdt vpng hudng ve hanh phuc, tinh yeu tiem an mdi than phdn dau khd dy Cd dieu, cudc sdng day nhung phi li dd ddn day hp den budc dudng cung, tudc cua hq nhung ca hdi hanh phuc Giua bdo tap cua sd phdn, thdn phdn ngudi rat ddi mong manh Rdi, nhung tieu thuyet cua The Uyen, Y Uyen, Minh Due Hodi Trinh, Nguyln Thj Thuy Vu, Thanh Nam, Hodng Anh Tudn suy tu ve thdn phdn ngudi thdi dai nhieu bien ddng vdi Idi viet thdng thdn, tao bao, cd cd phd phdeh, bd't can 2.3 Giai dogn tu 1966 den 1975 ^ Day Id giai doan tieu thuyet dilm tinh udt at, tieu thuyet trinh thdm, gidt gdn khdng ddt sdng Tinh hinh sdng tdc cung nhu xudt ban tieu thuyet may ndm trudc tudng nhu Idm vdo be tdc thi den giai doan ndy duac khai thdng «Trong mdt vdi ndm gdn day, ngudi ta bdt ddu chju mua sdeh dpc, ddc biet Id tieu thuyet Cdc nhd xudt bdn thi ddi, tung hang loqt tdc phdm cu mdi, gdy nen khung cdnh ndo nhiet chua tung thdy dja hat tieu thuyet vdng 10 ndm trd Iqi" (Nhdt Tien - «Sinh hoat tieu thuyet mot nam qua" - Bach Khoa 265, 266 ngdy 15/1/1968) Tieu thuyet dd doan tuyet hdn vdi nhung chuyen tinh yeu qudn quanh, nhdm nhat md di sdu vdo khai thdc van de thdn phdn ngudi cudc sdng day bien ddng vd bdt trdc khd ludng Ndi dau thuang cua ngudi chien tranh trd thdnh dm dnh hdu het tieu thuyet giai doan ndy Nhd di sdu khai thdc nhung van de cdt yeu cua cudc sdng hien tai, cat len tieng ndi cua ngudi duang thdi, tieu thuyet cd duac sy ung hp nhiet tinh cua ban dpc Day Id giai doan thdnh cdng nhdt cua tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 ndi rieng vd cua vdn hoc dd thj mien Nam ndi chung Tu nam 1961, tren vdn ddn dd cd sy gdp mat deu dan cua cdc cdy but nu, vdi nhung ten tudi ban ddu nhu Linh Bdo (tieu thuyet «Tdu ngua cu", «Nhung dem mua" xudt bdn 1961), Mdng Tuyet (tieu thuyet «Ndng Ai Ca chdu up" xudt bdn ndm 1961), Thu Vdn (tieu thuyet «Mdu mua dem" xudt bdn ndm 1961), mudn han mdt chut Id Tuy Hong, Nguyen Thj Hodng (Hodng Ddng Phuang), Nguyen Thj Vinh, Minh Due Hodi Trinh, Nhd Ca Tu ndm 1967 trd di, cdc cdy but nu Idm mua Idm gid h"nh vyc tieu thuyet Cdc tdc gid xudt hien trudc dd nhu Tuy Hong, Nhd Ca them phdn gid ddn, tdc phdm gdy duac tieng vang ddi vdi ban doc, khudy ddng khdng vdn ddn Tieu thuyet «Dem nghe tieng dgi bdc" cua Nhd Ca (xud't bdn ndm 967) lap tuc trd thdnh sdeh «best seller", tdi bdn vdng khdng day thdng Cudn tieu thuyet ndy dugc ddnh gid Id «trong ndm 1967, khdng mdt tieu thuyet ndo dugc ngudi ta nggi khen nhieu nhu the" (Nhdt Tien - Sinh hoat tieu thuyet mot nam qua - Bach Khoa 265, 266 ngdy 15/1/1968) «Dem nghe tieng dgi bdc" chiem dugc cam tinh cua ddng ddo ddc gid bdi day Id cudn tieu Tap chi Giao due so 261 (ki - 5/2011) thuyet ddu tien cua van hoc thi mien Nam viet ve cuoc sdng cua nguai dan thj khong chien tranh vai tdt cd nhung dau khd, lo lang, bi thuang Idi viet trung thyc vd truyen cam Thdn phdn be nhd cua ngudi dudng nhu bi nhdn chim bien lua chien tranh Sau «Dem nghe tieng dgi bac", de tdi cudc sdng cua ngudi ddn dd thj chien tranh tiep tyc duac Nhd Ca khai thdc nhung tieu thuyet tiep theo: «Xudn thi", «Ngudi tinh ngodi mat trgn", «Sdng mot ngay" Nhung tieu thuyet dy dd dua Nhd Ca len hang nhung nhd vdn «dn khdeh" vd dupe yeu men cua dd thj mien Nam Cdng ve sau, tieu thuyet cua Nhd Ca, chien tranh cdng trd nen dm dnh kinh hodng, thdn phdn ngudi cdng trd thdnh van de nhue nhdi ( «Dodn nuhinh mua thu", «Mgt mai hda binh", «Mua tren cay sdu dong" ) Gat di nhung yeu td ve quan diem, lap trudng chfnh trj, tieu thuyet cua Nhd Ca dd ndi duac mdt cdch thdm thfa vd dau xdt ve than phdn mong manh cua ngudi mjt mu khdi lua chien tranh Tdc gid Nguyen Thj Hodng, vai tieu thuyet ddu tay «V6ng tay hgc trd" in ddi kl tren tap chi Bach Khoa (ndm 1967, vdi but danh Hodng Ddng Phuang) dd gdy phdn ung chieu: cd nhung ngudi khen het Idi nhung cung cd sy mat sat thdm te Tuy nhien, du khen hay che thi nhung y kien ndy chi hudng ve van de dao due duac neu tdc phdm Nhung den tieu thuyet «Vdo noi gid cat" (cung ddi ndm 1967), ben cgnh chuyen tinh yeu ddi lua Id bdng ddng khung khiep cua chien tranh bao trum Chien tranh Idm nen cho chuyen tinh dau khd Nhung tieu thuyet sau ndy cua Nguyln Thj Hodng nhu «Tudi Sai Gdn", «Ve suong mu", «Vyc nude mdt", «Tienq hat len trdi", «Tinh yeu dia ngyc", «Trdi xanh tren mdi cao", «Bdng tdi cudi cung", «Dinh menh go cua", «B6ng Id hdn hoa" deu viet ve tinh yeu chien tranh vdi nhung sd phdn dam nude mdt Ben cgnh dd, Nguyen Thj Thyy Vu, Trjnh Thj Dieu Tan, Do Phuang Khanh, Minh Due Hodi Trinh, Minh Qudn cung Id nhung tdc gid nu ddng chu y cua vdn hgc dd thj mien Nam 19541975 hnh vyc tieu thuyet Tdc phdm cua hp deu xoay quanh vdn de thdn phdn ngudi, ndi dau khd cua ngudi cudc sdng nhieu eo le, dau khd, thuang tdm Cdc tdc gid khdc cung ddng gdp khdng nhd cho tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 vd sdng tdc cua hg cung thdnh cdng han cd Id giai dogn tu 1965 trd ve sau Tieu bieu Id Vd Phien, Nguyln Dinh Todn, Vd Hong, Duang Nghilm Mdu, Binh Nguyen Ldc, San Nam, Duyen Anh, Tap chi Giao due so 261 (k 1-5/2011) Nguyln Thuy Long, The Uyen, Y Uyen, Do Tien Due, Bui Kim Dmh, Nguyen Vu The gidi tieu thuyet cua Nguyln Dinh Todn nhieu suy tu, ddn vdt, hodi nghi ve cudc sdng vd ngudi Duyen Anh viet nhieu ve than phdn tre tha bj vui dap, qudn qugi giua bdo to cudc ddi («Bdn lua", «Cd non", «Trdn Thi Diem Chdu" ) Nguyln Thyy Long Igi di vdo mieu td the gidi cua nhung ke song ben le xd hdi vdi mdc cam tdi Idi md khdng dugc xd hdi ddnh cho ca hdi cdi tgo Ngdi but cua Thyy Long dugm ve chua xdt, bi thuang Y Uyen, Do Tien Due, Bui Kim Dinh xud't hien mudn, gia nhdp lang vdn vdo khodng ndm 1967 nhung nhanh chdng cd tdc phdm gdy dugc tieng vang nhu «Tugng dd sudn non", «Que nhd" (Y Uyen), «Md hong" (Do Tien Due), «Chgdem", «Ddt xdc" (Bui Kim Dinh) Tieu thuyet cua hg hdu het viet ve chien tranh vdi nhung dau khd, eo le ddi len thdn phdn ngudi Tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 gdt hdi dugc nhieu thdnh tyu nhdt giai dogn 1966-1975 Day cung Id qudng thdi gian khdc liet nhdt cua cudc chien tranh, ngudi phdi hang ngdy, hang gid dd'i mat vdi chet choc, dau thuang Tdm li cua hg hodc hoang mang, sg hdi, hodc chdn nan, bd't can Trong nam nap lo du vd ngut ngdn dau khd dd, triet hgc hien sinh - triet hgc ve thdn phdn ngudi du nhdp vdo dd thj mien Nam, nhanh chdng dugc ua chudng vd dnh hudng cua nd dd in ddm Idi sdng cung nhu sdng tdc van hgc nghe thudt Tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam dd cdt len tieng ndi thdm thia ve thdn phdn ngudi chien tranh Dd Id thdn phdn cd ddc mdt the gidi phi li Sy cd ddc nhu mdt thu djnh menh ngudi phdi mang tren vai, khdng ngudi se dd, khdng ke thdu hieu The gidi phi li nhieu ddo Idn d'y dd tan nhdn tudc cua ngudi mgi thu, chi Igi ndi dau thuang, trdng vdng Con ngudi, ddu cd nd lyc phdn khdng Igi, cdi hda djnh menh thi cung chi Id sy cdi hda, phd phdeh tuyet vpng Tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954-1975 Id tieu thuyet ve thdn phdn dau khd cua ngudi Nhung chiem nghiem nhieu chieu, da sdc ve thdn phdn ngudi Id ndi dung ca bdn, ddng chu y cua tieu thuyet dd thj mien Nam 1954 - 1975 Tuy nhien, ben cgnh nhung thdnh tyu dd, tieu thuyet giai dogn ndy khdng it hgn che nhu sy khai thdc qua dd cdc yeu td tinh dye, cdi nhin lech Igc ve chien tranh, sy be tdc hodn todn cudc sdng Tuy vdy, day cung Id giai dogn ghi dd'u sy phdt trien nhdt djnh cua vdn hgc Viet Nam hien dgi (Xem tiep trang 39) chua Idi bdi vdn cung khdng phdi d l ddng De BT sua chua hieu dinh cd hieu qua tfch cue vdi HS, GV can tdch biet tung loqi Idi, chpn, phdn tfch vd chua cdc Idi dien hinh, xud't hien phd bien Vdi bdi «Mieu td van ty sy", chung tdi chi dua BT phdt hien vd sua chua Idi ve phuang thuc bieu dat chinh - nghTa Id HS nhdm Idn ve phuang thuc bieu dat viet van, bdi vdn khdng mang ddc trung cua vdn ty sy md mang ddc trung cua phuang thuc mieu td Vidy: Vdi de bdi «Hdy viet mdt dogn vdn ke ve Ian dau tien em di hgc", mdt bgn HS dd viet dogn vdn sau: «Trudng hgc dau tien cua tdi Id mdt cdi kho thdc bd khdng, tudng trdc Id thdnh vd sd nhung hinh thu ki qudi Cho den gid, tdi nhd y nghuyen nhung chiec bdn ghe xdu xi vd gdm ghie'e Chung dugc tan dyng vd lap tu nhung tdm go bd di, chua kip bdo Mat bdn cd rd't nhieu hang hoc vd tu dd thinh thodng lao vyt mdt gian hogc mdt nhen Cung cd Id mdt bdc sdu dung dinh, ngo ngdc nhin cudc ddi." Theo em, bgn dd dd viet dung yeu cau de bdi chua? Neu chua dung thi em se sua nhu the ndo? He thdng BT ndy cd the xdy dyng tuang ty ddi vdi cdc cdc phuang thuc bieu dat khdc cd the ket hap d kieu VBTS Nhu vdy, viec de xudt su dyng he thdng BT nhdm RLKN van dyng ket hap cdc phuang thuc bieu dat cho HS THCS d kieu VBTS Id rat can thiet Ddc biet, kieu VBTS Id kieu vdn bdn cdc em thudng gap vd van dyng thudng xuyen nhdt thyc te BT Id mdt nhung phuang tien luyen tap huu dyng nhdt duac hinh thdnh tren ca sd dmh hudng rd ret vd khoanh vung ve mat ndi dung nhdm myc dich hien thyc hod phdn li thuyet Tuy nhien, he thdng BT ddu duac xdy dyng cdng phu, cd kT thudt vdn can duac phdi hap su dyng vdi cdc phuang phdp vd phuang tien day hoc khdc de qua trinh day hoc cua GV vd HS dat ket qua nhu mong mudn.Q Tai lieu tham khao Le A - Nguyen Quang Ninh - Bui Minh Toan Phuong phap day hoc tieng Viet NXB Gido due, H 1998 Nguyen Khdc Phi (t6ng chu bien) Ngu van 9, tap NXB Gido due, H 2005 D6 Ngoc Thong Bai tap trac nghiem kien thuc Ngu van NXB Gido due, H 2007 D6 Ngoc Thong Lam van NXB Dgi hoc supham, H 2007 D6 Ngoc Thong Lam van tu li thuyet den thuc hanh NXB Gido due, H 1997 Tai lieu tham khao Tran Trong Dang Dan Van hoa van nghe Nam Viet Nam 1954-1975 NXB Van hod Thong tin, H 2000 Vdi chdng dudng hon 20 ndm phdt Phan Cy De (chu bien) Van hoc Viet Nam the ki 20 NXB trien, van hoc cdc thj mien Nam, Gido due, H 2000 hodn cdnh Ijch su cy the, khdng the hod Cao Huy Khanh "Sa khao 15 nam van xuoi mien Nam nhdp vdi ddng vdn hoc chinh thdng, phdn 1955-1969" Khai hanh, so' 74/1970 dnh cudc sdng hdo vd vT dai cua ddn Le Dinh Ky Nhin lai tu tutrng van nghe thui Mi - Nguy tdc cudc khdng chien chdng MT nhung NXB Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh, 1987 khdng phdi vi the md chung ta bd qua nhung Thanh Lang Bang lucre van hoc Viet Nam (quyen gid trj can duac ddnh gid vd ghi nhdn thuang) NXB Trinh Bay, Sai Gon, 1967 vdn hoc giai doan ndy Se Id khiem khuyet Nhieu tac gia Van hoa van nghe mien Nam duoi che Idn neu nghien cuu tien trinh Ijch su Mi - Nguy NXB Vdn hod, H 1977 van hoc ddn tdc de Iqi mdt khodng trdng Vo Phien Hai muoi nam van hoc mien Nam (1954-1975) Id vdn hoc dd thj mien Nam giai doan NXB Van nghe, CA - USA, 1987.' 1954-1975 Dd den luc he tndng gido Nguyen Sa Mot bong hong cho van nghe NXB Trinh dye qudc ddn - md trudc het Id cdc Bay, Sai Gon, 1967 trudng dai hoc vd cao ddng ddo tqo chuyen Pham Van ST Van hoc giai phong mien Nam NXB Dai ngdnh Ngu van, chuang trinh gidng day vd hoc va trung hoc chuyen nghiep, H 1976 nghien cuu can phdi duac bd sung ve vdn 10 Tran Huu Ta Nhin lai mot chang dutyng van hoc NXB hoc giai doan vdn hoc ndy de sinh vien cd Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2000 cdi nhin day du, todn dien han ve Ijch su 11 Uyen Thao Cac nha van nu Viet Nam 1900-1970 NXB Nhdn Cu, Sai Gon, 1973 vdn hoc ddn tdc • 12 Ta Ty Mtrui khuon mat van nghe horn NXB Ld Bdi, Sai Gon, 1972 Tap chi Giao due so