558 Index Amazon ecosystems (continued) sandstone tepuis 1:166 myriapods 1:246T, 1:247, 5:431 nonflooded terra firme ecosystems cerrada˜o 1:161–162 dry semideciduous southern fringe forests 1:161–162 general discussion 1:158–160 rain forests 1:158–160, 1:159F, 1:159T white sand oligotrophic formations 1:160–161 plant domestication 4:279–292 basic concepts 4:279 domestication mechanisms 4:280–281 environmental factors 4:285–287, 4:286F genetic diversity opportunities 4:280–281 genetic drift 4:280F high care-level plants 4:289T indigenous peoples 4:281–285, 4:282F, 4:283F, 4:284F low care-level plants 4:288T management systems 4:287–290, 4:288T, 4:289T, 4:290F reproductive isolation 4:281F, 4:285 research summary 4:290–291 usefulness discovery strategies 4:281–285, 4:282F, 4:284F research summary 1:167–168 riverine biota 6:479 secondary forest 1:167 terrestrial arthropods 1:245–253 biotopes 1:249–250 future research areas 1:252 genetic characteristics 1:251–252 habitat specificity 1:249–250, 1:250T, 1:251F, 1:252F morphological characteristics 1:250–251 number of species 1:245, 1:246T origins and geographical distribution Andes 1:247 Carabidae 1:247, 1:250T Geophilomorpha 1:247 Meinertellidae 1:247 neotropics 1:246–247 nonflooded and/or floodplain forests 1:247 Polydesmida 1:247 Scolopendromorpha 1:246–247 Scorpiones 1:247 treeless floodplains 1:247 species richness 1:247–249, 1:248F taxonomy 1:245, 1:246T threatened plant species 6:84 transition ecosystems babassu palm forests 1:162 bamboo forests 1:162 characteristics 1:162 liana forests 1:162 vascular epiphytes 3:520T Amazonian dark earth 4:285–287, 4:286F Amazonian manatee 5:81T Amazon river dolphins 3:192–193, 5:65T ambiregnal organisms 5:554–555 Amblyopsis rosae 7:55F Amblypygi 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:211, 1:211F, 1:246T Amborella 5:621F, 6:19–20, 6:20F Amboseli National Park 5:235 Ambrosia dumosa 2:468–469 Ambulacraria 7:434F Ambystoma macrodactylum 4:516 Ambystoma tigrinum 3:166, 3:166 Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum 4:515 Amebelodon 5:224T amebiasis 5:671T amebic dysentery 5:660T amebic meningoencephalitis 5:660T ameboid protozoa 6:289–293, 6:289T, 6:290F Ameiva festiva 6:408 Ameiva leptophrys 6:408 Ameiva quadrilineata 6:408 Amelanchier 5:218 Amentotaxus 1:272–273 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 3:133–134 American bison 3:188 American black duck 6:689–690 American black oystercatcher 5:57 American bullfrog 2:529–530, 2:530F, 3:167 American burying beetle 3:220–221, 3:226 American chaffseed 3:206 American chestnut 2:528T, 2:530–531 American elm 2:528T American golden plover 1:605 American gray squirrel 2:190 American grey squirrel 3:191 American Livestock Breeds Conservancy 1:645 American lobster 5:464–465, 5:464F American mink 3:192 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Akeley Gallery of African Mammals 5:406–407, 5:407F collection size and scope 5:408F, 5:409F educational programs 3:138 graduate and postdoctoral training 5:416 historical perspective 5:405–406 American opossums 4:686–687, 4:687T American oyster 2:264, 5:61 American oyster drill 5:61 American pika 2:85 American robin 4:174, 5:723 American Samoa 4:560F, 6:507T American shad 3:260 American Southeast rivers 3:184, 3:185F American toad 6:153F American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 3:652T American water celery 6:477–478 Amherstia nobilis 6:77 Amia calva 3:462–463 amino acids 5:630–631, 6:113T 2-aminopyrimidines 5:695 Amitermes 4:409T Amitermes hastatus 4:412–413, 4:412F Amitermitinae 4:417F amitraz 5:694 amitrole 4:90T, 5:696 Ammi majus 5:712T Ammodorcas clarkei 1:51 Ammodramus henslowii 4:489–490, 4:490F Ammodramus nigrescens 6:8 ammonia (NH3) ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) 5:257–258 atmospheric concentrations 1:282T biogeochemical cycles 1:560–561, 1:562F emission occurrences and sources 1:1–5, 1:137T eutrophication 3:366–367 geographic distribution 1:3F nitrogen cycle 5:539F nutrient cycling 1:706 ammonia (NH4) eutrophication 3:366–367 hydrothermal vent ecosystems 7:328 ammonoids adaptive radiation 1:22F ammonoid differentiation 1:25 end-Cretaceous mass extinction 5:173–175, 5:174F Late Devonian mass extinction 5:170 Late Triassic mass extinction 5:172–173 Ammophila arenaria 6:96–97, 6:121 Ammospiza maritimus nigrescens 7:189 Ammotragus lervia 3:193 Amniota 7:339 amoebae 6:586, 6:587F Amoebophrya ceratii 6:295 Ampedus balteatus 7:218–219 Ampedus tristis 7:218–219 Ampharetidae 7:417F Amphibian Ark program 7:478 amphibians 3:164–168 alpine ecosystems 1:154–155 anthropogenic activities and impacts 3:401F Asia endemic species 1:261T threatened species 1:278T tropical rain forests 1:263 background and characteristics 3:164 biodiversity 1:169–178 biogeographical models 1:565–566, 1:566F conservation as ecosystem components 1:176 human uses 1:176 major threats 1:176–177 population declines 1:177 current diversity 1:169–170 evolutionary history 1:169 functional anatomy 1:170–171 future outlook 1:177–178 geographic distribution 3:691–693, 3:692F historical biogeography 1:169–170 larval morphology and ecology 1:173 life histories 1:171 morphology 1:170–171 postlarval behavior and ecology 1:175–176 reproductive biology 1:171, 1:172