Index local variations 5:20–21 regional patterns 5:20, 5:21F ecological interconnections 5:18 economic exploitation and use 5:22 global patterns Atlantic-Caribbean-East Pacific (ACEP) region 5:18–19, 5:19F, 5:20T faunal diversity 5:19–20, 5:20T Indo-West Pacific (IWP) region 5:18–19, 5:19F, 5:20T latitudinal range 5:18, 5:19F longitudinal differences 5:18–19, 5:19F local variations animal distribution 5:21–22 tree distribution 5:20–21 mangrove trees characteristics and geographical distribution 5:10–11 families and genera 5:11T mangrove habitat 5:10–11, 5:10F pneumatophores 5:12F reproduction 5:11–12, 5:12F root system 5:12F salinity/salt tolerance 5:11, 5:11T waterlogged soils 5:11, 5:12F marine fauna bivalves 5:17 characteristics 5:14–15 crustaceans 5:15–16, 5:20T ecosystem engineers 5:16–17 fish 5:15, 5:15F, 5:20T grapsid crabs 5:15–16, 5:15F hermit crabs 5:16 meiofauna 5:18 molluscs 5:17, 5:20T mud crabs 5:16 ocypodid crabs 5:16, 5:16F root communities 5:14–15 shrimp 5:16 snails 5:17–18, 5:17F marine sedimentary habitats 5:107, 5:108T shrimp farming versus mangrove conservation 3:51–53, 3:52F South America 3:111F, 3:116 terrestrial fauna amphibians 5:13 birds 5:13–14, 5:20T characteristics 5:12–13 insects 5:13, 5:13F mammals 5:14, 5:20T reptiles 5:13, 5:20T ecosystem services 6:77 global extent 7:370T habitat destruction 1:513, 1:513T, 3:404 intertidal ecosystems 4:337, 4:338F, 4:339F marine ecosystems 5:45–46 nature-based coastal protection strategies 5:452–453, 5:453T, 5:454F Near East ecosystems 5:480F, 5:487 protected area systems 6:492T, 6:499T reproductive adaptations 7:397 restoration programs 7:375–378 shrimp farming versus mangrove conservation 3:51–53, 3:52F South America 6:599, 6:607T, 6:609 Southeast Asia 1:513, 1:513T threatened species 7:201T mangrove finches 1:27–28, 1:28F mangrove periwinkle 2:342–343 Manhattan metric 2:444–445 Manicaria saccifera 7:272 Manihot esculenta 2:382–383, 2:663–664, 4:281–285, 4:283F, 4:289T, 6:553 Manila Bay 1:276T Manilkara huberi 4:287–290, 4:288T Manilkara zapota 2:663–664, 7:273 manioc 4:282–284, 4:283F Maniola jurtina 6:7 Manis javanica 5:604 Mantel tests 4:510–511 mantids 4:392T Mantodea 4:308–312, 4:309T Manu National Park (Peru) 6:306 Maoridiamesa 7:347F maple trees climate change effects 6:150T North America 7:118 map turtles 7:390 Maputaland 6:82T Maranha˜o red-handed howler monkey 6:256–258T Marantha arundinaceae 4:287–290, 4:289T Marathrum 5:623F Marattia fern 6:78 marbled murrelet 3:256, 3:314–315, 4:564 marbled teal 7:185 Marcgravia 3:522T Marcgraviaceae 3:522T Marchantia polymorpha 5:576 march flies 3:489–491T March of the Penguins (2006) 4:654 Marco Polo sheep 3:192 Marcus Island 5:57–58, 5:60F MAR-ECO project 2:19, 2:20F Margalef, Ramon 3:588 Margarita Island tufted capuchin 6:256–258T Margaritifera auricularia 3:411–412 Margaritifera margaritifera 4:376 Margarops fuscatus 7:184–185 marginal lands 1:543, 1:544F Marginidae 3:489–491T mari 4:286–287 mariculture 5:61 marigolds 2:391 marine ecosystems 5:45–55 anthropogenic impacts 5:56–63 artificial reefs 5:61 ecosystem engineer species 5:60–61 eutrophication 5:53–54 invasive species 5:54, 5:60–61 major threats 5:56 mariculture 5:61 overfishing 3:410, 5:54, 5:61 pollution 5:61, 6:150–151 research summary 5:62 rocky intertidal communities 5:56–57, 5:58F, 5:59F 729 rocky subtidal communities 5:57–58, 5:60F sea otter populations 5:58–60 biodiversity genetic diversity 5:50 higher taxa 5:47–49, 5:50T species 5:49–50, 5:50T biodiversity loss 4:664 biodiversity-rich countries 1:498 chlorophyll production 5:46 climate change effects 6:150–151 conservation 5:32–44 climate change effects abundance impacts 5:34–35 adaptation rates 5:36 assisted colonization 5:41 climate tolerance 5:36–37 community impacts 5:37–38 conservation strategies 5:38–39 distribution impacts 5:35–36 ecosystem-based management 5:40 evolutionary impacts 5:36 fisheries management 5:40–41 genetic diversity 5:36–37 global impacts 3:449, 5:32 local adaptations 5:36 marine protected areas 5:39–40 ocean acidification 5:33–34 physiological impacts 5:32 predictive models 5:39 research needs 5:41 restoration 5:41 rising seawater temperatures 5:33 future research areas 5:41 conservation status 3:171–173T, 3:174 continental shelves 5:52 Convention on Biological Diversity (1930) 2:318 countryside biogeography studies 2:356 crustaceans 2:397–399 dinitrogen-fixing (N2-fixing) microorganisms 2:608–625 basic concepts 2:608–610, 2:609F biodiversity dinitrogenase/dinitrogenase reductase 2:610–611 general discussion 2:610–611 metabolic diversity 2:614–615 nif operon 2:610, 2:611F, 2:620F, 2:622F phenotypic and genotypic diversity 2:611–614, 2:612T phylogenetic relationships 2:611F physiological diversity 2:614–615 biogeochemical cycles 1:560–561 emerging patterns changing environmental conditions 2:621–623 environmental modifications 2:619–621 spatiotemporal variability 2:619–621, 2:620F, 2:622F functional role biological carbon (C) pump 2:615–618, 2:616F nutrient cycle linkages 2:618–619