Index taxonomic groups 7:181–182 United States/United Kingdom 7:182 habitat loss and degradation general discussion 7:183 habitat degradation 7:183–184 habitat destruction 7:183 habitat fragmentation 7:183–184 indicator species 7:206–207F Red List Index (RLI) 7:201T tourism industry 7:223 tropical Africa 1:49 tropical rain forests 6:307–309, 6:308T United States 1:76T, 1:77–78 urbanization threats 4:564 West Nile virus 1:362–365, 1:364F, 1:365F wetland ecosystems 7:389–391, 7:390F wildfire effects 3:156–158 zoonotic disease 1:519–520 Bird’s Point–New Madrid Floodway (Missouri) 7:148F, 7:149F, 7:154–155 birdwing butterflies 3:223 Birge, E A 3:238–239 Birgus latro 3:220, 3:222–223, 3:223F, 3:226 biriba´ 4:284F, 4:285, 4:287–290 Birnaviridae 5:134T, 5:137 birth and death rate analysis 3:67–68 birth chains 5:192 Bischoffia javanica 1:277 Biserrula pelecinus 1:708 Bismarck Islands 2:189–190, 2:189F bison animal breeding programs 1:640 biodiversity effects 3:188 grassland ecosystems 6:332 Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) 2:584F historical conservation movement 2:281–282 late Quaternary extinction event (LQEE) 4:722, 4:724–725T Bison bison 1:640, 2:281–282, 3:188, 4:3–4, 6:332 Bison bonasus 3:196 Biston betularia 2:717, 6:3 Bithynia tentaculata 4:362 biting midges 3:489–491T, 3:492 Bitis arietans 6:409 Bitis gabonica 6:409 bitterns 7:390 bitter vetch 2:658 Bivalvia/bivalves aquaculture 1:190T average lifespan 4:656T chemosynthetic symbioses 5:120–121, 5:120F classifications 4:381T critical pH levels 6:153F fossil record 3:681F, 3:685F hydrothermal vent ecosystems 4:391, 7:328–329 lake and pond ecosystems 4:371–373 Late Ordovician mass extinction 5:167 Late Triassic mass extinction 5:172–173 mangrove ecosystems 4:337, 5:17 marine sediments 5:106F number of species 3:182T, 4:371T, 5:669–670T photosynthetic symbioses 5:118–120, 5:119F physical characteristics 5:376–377, 5:377F sandy beaches 2:131–133 spatiotemporal distributions 5:373–374, 5:374F species diversity 4:386–387, 4:387F Bivesiculoidea 7:439–440T, 7:450–451F, 7:452 Biwa (Lake) 3:171–173T, 4:463T, 4:464, 4:464T Bixa orellana 4:289T black abalone 3:201T, 4:391 black-and-white colobus monkeys 7:229T black-and-white ruffed lemurs 6:256–258T black-and-white warblers 4:33–35, 4:34F black bass 4:465 black-bearded saki 6:256–258T black bears 1:631–632, 4:518, 6:50 Black Beauty (Sewell) 4:653 black-bellied salamander 1:173F black-bellied seedcracker 3:144–145 blackberry plants 1:80 blackbilled magpies 4:174 blackbirds 5:474 blackbuck 7:229T blackburnian warbler 2:188–189, 2:188F Blackburnian warblers 5:309–310 black caiman 7:229T black-capped vireo 7:184–185 black carbon 4:295–296 black cherry 6:121 blackchin tilapia 3:481 black corals 3:199 black-crowned Central American squirrel monkey 6:256–258T black eagles 5:474 black-faced black spider monkey 6:256–258T black-faced lion tamarins 6:256–258T black flies 3:489–491T, 4:371T black-footed ferrets 1:664T, 2:527–529, 3:196, 3:411, 6:342 black francolin 1:82 black gram 2:663 black grama 4:484–485, 4:485F black grouse 1:631–632 black harrier 1:487–488 black-headed ducks 5:502, 5:502T black kites 5:474 blacklegged ticks 1:361–362, 1:363F, 4:505 blacklighting 1:330 black lion tamarins 1:666T, 6:256–258T black mold 3:635 black mushrooms 3:637T black oak 6:152–154 black pepper 2:663, 3:32F black petrel 7:188 Blackpoll warblers 5:311–312 black rats 1:365–368, 6:240–241 black rhinos 1:487–488, 4:695, 5:225T, 5:226, 5:449, 6:578 see also megaherbivores black robin 4:194T, 5:369, 7:189 589 black scavenger flies 3:489–491T Black Sea bottlenose dolphin 5:81T black-shanked douc 6:256–258T black smokers Endeavor Hydrothermal Vents Marine Protected Area 5:447 marine invertebrates 2:6F, 4:391 occurrences and characteristics 7:327–328 blacksnakes 6:408–409 black-spined sea urchins 2:337, 2:338–340 black spruce ecosystems 1:632T, 1:633F, 7:400 black stem rust 3:633 black swans 3:365–366, 5:221 black-tailed godwits 5:723 black-throated green warbler 2:188–189, 2:188F black vulture 5:603 blackwater streams 1:512–513 bladder grasshoppers 3:733, 3:733F Blakea 3:522T Blancocamelus 4:724–725T Blaniulus guttulatus 5:424–425 Blastodinium 6:295 Blastomyces dermatitidis 3:634T blastomycosis 3:634T Blastophaga psenes 6:144–145 Blattodea 4:308–312, 4:309T blennies 3:467–471 Blephariceridae 3:489–491T Blephariceromorpha 3:489–491T blights 3:633T blindness 7:302 Blissidae 7:294 Blissus leucopterus 7:293 blond capuchin 6:256–258T blond-masked titi 6:256–258T blood clotting 6:3–5 blood pythons 5:604 bloodroot 6:50 blotched tiger salamanders 4:515 blowflies 3:489–491T, 3:493 bluebells 6:106F, 6:107 blue carbon 6:77 blue-cheeked bee-eaters 5:473 blue cheese 3:638–639 blue corals 2:335, 3:199 blue-eyed black lemur 6:256–258T bluefin tuna 2:7–8, 2:9F, 2:10F, 3:470 bluefish 3:467–471 bluegill 4:465 blue-green algae characteristics 6:25–26 energy flow 3:246–247 freshwater ecosystems 3:571–572, 3:571T marine ecosystems 5:48 river ecosystems 6:477–478 bluehead wrasse 6:574 blue mussels 3:355–356, 5:35–36 blue orchard bee 1:420F Blue Ridge Mountains 5:562–563 blue tits 1:611–612, 1:620, 5:720 blue-tongued skinks 7:32 blue whales 1:601, 3:190, 5:65T, 5:66–67, 5:81T, 5:82 blue whiting 4:516, 6:422T