Index economic importance 1:393–395 fungi-derived drugs 3:638 plant-derived drugs and chemicals 6:129–139 algae domoic acid 6:132, 6:134F green algal metabolites 6:132–135, 6:134F kainic acid 6:132, 6:134F cyanobacteria anticancer agents 6:130–131 cryptophycin 6:131, 6:131F curacin A 6:130–131, 6:130F dinoflagellates brevetoxin A 6:131–132, 6:134F characteristics 6:131 ciguatoxin 6:131, 6:132F Gymnodinium breve 6:131–132, 6:134F maitotoxin 6:131, 6:133F future outlook 6:138 herbal remedies Echinacea 6:137–138, 6:138F ginseng 6:137, 6:138F higher plants camptothecin 6:135–136, 6:135F paclitaxel 6:135, 6:135F marine plants algae 6:132 cyanobacteria 6:130–131 dinoflagellates 6:131 research background 6:129–130 terrestrial plants Digitalis sp 6:136–137, 6:137F herbal remedies 6:137 higher plants 6:135 steroidal glycosides 6:136–137, 6:137F tropane alkaloids 6:136, 6:136F Pharomachrus mocinno 7:183 Phascolarctidae 4:688–689 Phascolarctos cinereus 4:688–689 Phascolarctos stirtoni 5:363–364, 5:364F Phascolomys 4:727–728 Phascolomys major 5:364F Phascolomys medius 5:364F Phascolonus 4:727–728 Phascolonus gigas 5:364F Phaseolus acutifolius 2:663–664 Phaseolus coccineus 2:663–664 Phaseolus lineatus 1:165 Phaseolus lunatus 2:663–664, 4:281–285, 4:283F, 4:289T Phaseolus spp 2:383, 3:32F, 6:553 Phaseolus vulgaris 1:462F, 2:383, 2:663–664, 6:2, 6:361T Phasianidae 1:623–624, 6:308T Phasianus colchicus 1:623–624 Phasmatodea 4:308–312, 4:309T Phasmodinae 3:727 Phayre’s langur 6:253–254 pheasants 1:623–624, 1:644F Pheidole megacephala 3:222, 4:365 Phellodendron amurense 1:271–272 Phenacoccus manihoti 4:183, 4:361 Phenakospermum guianense 1:165 phenetic methods 6:16–17, 7:85, 7:102–104, 7:103F, 7:107F phenmedipham 5:696 phenolic compounds 2:426–427, 2:426T, 5:695, 5:696–697 phenotype 6:1–8 basic concepts artificial selection 6:4 gene modification 6:3–5 genomic balance 6:4 quantitative trait loci (QTL) 6:4, 6:5F definition 6:1 evolutionary models 6:7–8 genetic load theory 6:6–7 genotype–environment analysis 6:5–6 historical research 6:1–3 phenotypic plasticity 4:638–639, 4:639F, 6:7–8 phenotypic variability 6:6–7 taxonomic diversity 6:8 phenoxy acid 4:90T phenoxyaliphatic acids 5:696 phenylamide 5:695 phenylcarbamate 4:90T phenylurea 4:90T pheromones 5:675–676 Philadelphus schrenkii 1:271–272 Philesturnus carunculatus 5:366–367 Philippine eagles 7:183 Philippines animal species 1:261T biodiversity conservation 1:520–521 biodiversity richness 1:501F botanical gardens 6:519 deforestation 1:502T, 2:449T, 4:562–564, 4:563F ecosystems coral reefs 1:500T, 2:333T genetic richness 1:514T mangroves 1:275T, 1:277, 1:513T threatened species 1:278T threatened wetlands 1:276T tropical dry forest 1:266–267 tropical moist forest 1:277T tropical/subtropical humid mountain areas 1:267 vegetation types and coverage percentage 1:264–265T education level–fertility relationship 6:204, 6:205F education level–infant mortality relationship 6:205F endangered mammals 3:194T endemism 1:501F, 3:232T, 4:271T fish diversity 3:473 fishing/fisheries 6:422T indigenous peoples 4:270T institutional collections and capacity 1:505T invasive species 4:346–347 nitrogen deposition 5:526T pastureland conversion 4:665T plant species 1:259T, 6:82T species richness 1:501F, 4:271T threatened birds 7:181 see also Southeast Asia 769 Philodendron 3:522T Philodendrum 4:281–285, 4:282F Philodota 4:697 Philodromidae 5:463T Philomachus pugnax 7:32 Phiomia 5:224T Phleum alpinum 1:232 pH levels aquatic ecosystems 6:152, 6:153F freshwater ecosystems 1:9–10, 1:10T, 3:584–585, 3:584F species diversity controls 7:391–393 wetland ecosystems 7:393 Phobetron pithecium 5:391F Phoca groenlandica 5:314, 7:37–38 Phoca largha 5:90 Phocarctos hookeri 5:81T Phoca vitulina 2:528T, 3:192–193, 3:256 Phoca vitulina mellonae 5:77T phocids 5:67 phocine distemper virus 2:528T Phocoena phocoena 5:77T Phocoena sinus 5:77T, 5:80 Phocoenoides dalli 3:192–193 Phoeniconaias minor 1:54–55 Phoenicopterus andinus 7:183 Phoenicopterus ruber 1:54–55 Phoenix 1:70 Phoenix dactylifera 1:53, 2:662–663, 5:484–485 Pholadomya candida 2:5F Pholidota 4:690T, 4:701T Pholoidae 7:417F Phoradendron piperoides 4:77 Phoradendron serotinum 4:77 phorate 5:693–694 phoresy 3:495, 5:656 Phoridae 3:489–491T, 3:492, 3:493–494 Phorinda 4:381T Phormidium 3:358, 4:119 Phoronidea fossil record 3:684F global diversity 4:385T hydrothermal vent ecosystems 7:329–330 marine ecosystems 5:50T number of species 5:669–670T phosmet 5:693–694 phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 2:363–364, 2:363F phosphoglucose isomerase 3:665 phosphoglycolate (PG) 2:361–362, 2:362F phosphogylcerate (PGA) 2:361–362, 2:362F phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) 5:267, 5:268F phosphorus (P) biogeochemical cycles 1:563 carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry 3:506–507, 4:675–677, 4:676F desert ecosystems 2:474 elemental partitioning 1:554T freshwater ecosystems 3:572T intercropping systems 2:390 nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratio 2:617–618, 2:617F