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636 Index ecoinformatics (continued) classifications 1:441 emerging technologies digital media 1:444–445 scientific workflow systems 1:445 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) 1:444 World Wide Web (WWW) 1:444 historical background 1:440–441 purposes annotation 1:442 data access 1:441 data portals 1:441 data provenance 1:442 Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) 1:441–442 quality control 1:442 scientific inquiry 1:441 structured metadata Access to Biological Collection Data (ABCD) standards 1:443 Darwin Core 1:443 Ecological Metadata Language (EML) 1:443 eXtensible Markup Language (XML) 1:442–443 geospatial data standards 1:443–444 machine integration challenges 1:442 Ecological Asset Inventory and Management (EcoAIM) software 5:358 ecological character displacement 4:46–47, 4:46F, 4:47F ecological conservation 4:315 ecological differentiation 2:513–514 ecological footprint analysis (EFA) 2:701–713 aquaculture 1:196–198, 1:196F basic concepts 2:705 definition 2:701 environmental impact assessments 3:291–292 evaluation assessments conceptual strengths 2:710 methodological limitations antitrade/antigrowth considerations 2:712–713 carbon footprint considerations 2:712 general discussion 2:710–711 oversimplification 2:711–712 scope 2:710–711 methodological strengths 2:710 functional role evolving economic paradigms 2:702–703 global ecological change 2:701–702 human ecology 2:703 patch-disturbance species 2:703–704 second law of thermodynamics 2:703 human carrying capacity 2:704–705 human ecological footprints biodiversity crisis 2:708–710 city footprints 2:707 global development 2:707–708 global sustainability 2:706–707 social equity 2:707–708 methodologies 2:705–706, 2:706 research summary 2:713 ecological genetics 2:714–731 eco-evolutionary dynamics case studies 2:726–727 conceptual developments 2:727 population–community relationship 2:726 future outlook 2:727–728 genetic bases allelic effects 2:725 quantitative genetic models 2:724–725 quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping 2:724 research insights 2:725 genetic correlations G matrix-based constraints 2:721 life history tradeoffs 2:720–721 limited genetic variation 2:720 pleiotropy 2:720 genetic variability 2:715–717 heritability estimation 2:715, 2:715–717 historical perspective 2:714 local adaptation versus gene flow empirical research 2:724 gene flow 2:724 population genetics models 2:723–724 site-specific adaptation 2:723 microevolutionary perspective 2:714–715 natural selection strength discrete polymorphisms 2:717 potential biases 2:717–718 selection gradients 2:717 phenotypic plasticity adaptive strategies 2:721 empirical research 2:721–722 microevolutionary changes 2:722–723 norm of reaction 2:722, 2:722F theoretical predictions 2:721–722 phenotypic traits 2:715–717 quantitative genetics 2:715 selection patterns fluctuating selection 2:718–719 lack of response 2:719–720 rapid evolution 2:718 selection strength estimation 2:716 ecological geobotany 4:396T ecological integrity 3:310–311, 3:312F Ecological Metadata Language (EML) 1:441, 1:443 ecological niche model 6:692–705 basic concepts geographical models 6:694–695 niche theory 6:693–694, 6:694F spatial autocorrelation (SAC) 6:693 species response shapes 6:692F, 6:694 characteristics and functional role 6:692–693, 6:692F community studies 6:702–703 Cupressus chimera case study 6:695 data collection methodology biotic interactions and disturbances 6:698–699 challenges 6:695–697 environmental data aquatic systems 6:700 challenges 6:699 climate 6:699 land cover 6:699–700 multicollinearity 6:700 soils and substrate 6:699–700 terrain 6:699 species data observational research 6:696–697 presence-only data 6:697–698, 6:701–702 record characteristics 6:697, 6:698F sample characteristics 6:696–697, 6:696F site-occupancy models 6:697, 6:698F modeling approaches Bayesian methods 6:702 decision trees 6:701 general discussion 6:700–702 generalized additive models (GAMs) 6:701 generalized linear models (GLMs) 6:701 genetic algorithms 6:702 machine learning methods 6:701, 6:702F maximum entropy theory (MaxEnt) 6:702 profile and envelope methods 6:701–702 new times and places predictions 6:703 parasites infection prevalence 5:665–666, 5:666F microhabitat segregation 5:665–666, 5:667F niche dimensions 5:665, 5:665T niche saturation 5:665, 5:666F proximate and ultimate causation 5:665–666, 5:667F research summary 6:703–704 species packing 4:643 species richness 6:702–703 taxonomic versus functional diversity 2:649–650, 2:649F ecological refugees 6:221T ecological transfer efficiency 7:265 ecology basic concepts 3:1–8 biodiversity theories 3:4–5 ecosystem theories 3:6–7 evolutionary theories 3:7 historical development 3:1 population dynamics 3:1–3 research summary 3:7–8 scaling laws 3:6 spatial patterns 3:5–6 species-interaction theories 3:3–4, 3:4F definition 3:1 ecological complexity versus biodiversity 2:201–212 background information 2:201 basic concepts 2:204 biotic interactions and relationships 2:202–204, 2:203F, 2:204F community complexity 2:203F, 2:204–205, 2:205T entangled bank metaphor 2:202–204 functional complexity 2:203F, 2:204–205, 2:205T
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