Index marine ecosystems 5:451–452, 5:452T psychrophiles 6:300 regulating services basic concepts 2:490T desertification 2:490T marine ecosystems 5:451–452, 5:452T religious traditions 6:380–388 Asian traditions 6:383–384 background information 6:380 basic concepts 6:380–381 Buddhist declaration on nature 6:383 Hindu declaration on nature 6:383 monotheistic traditions Christian declaration on nature 6:381, 6:381 Jewish declaration on nature 6:381, 6:382 Judeo–Christian tradition 6:381 Muslim declaration on nature 6:381, 6:382 stewardship 6:381–383 pantheistic traditions ecosystem-like concepts and applications 6:386–387, 6:387T indigenous peoples 6:384, 6:384–385 traditional ecological knowledge 6:385 traditional social restraints 6:385–386 research summary 6:387–388 traditional social protection background information 6:385–386 biological communities/habitat patches 6:386 critical life history stages 6:386 long-lived (K-selected) species 6:386 stewardship 6:386 research approaches community approach 2:648, 2:649T ecosystem approach 2:648–649, 2:649T general discussion 2:648 individual approach 2:648, 2:649T population approach 2:648, 2:649T resource partitioning 6:429–437 Clements–Gleason debate 6:429 community dominance–diversity relationships 6:431–432, 6:432F diversity assessment framework 6:429–430, 6:430F diversity mechanisms chance 6:435 frequency-dependent effects 6:435 general discussion 6:435 spatial structure 6:435–436, 6:436F niche differentiation empirical evidence 6:432–433, 6:433F relevance 6:434–435 spatial heterogeneity 6:432–433, 6:433F temporal heterogeneity 6:433–434, 6:434F theoretical perspectives 6:430–432, 6:431F, 6:432F research background 6:429 research summary 6:436–437 restoration 6:453–460 biologically diverse landscapes landscape objectives 6:458 novel/experimental opportunities 6:458–459 regional efforts 6:458 community restoration abiotic constraints 6:456–457 basic concepts 6:456–457 biotic constraints 6:457 management solutions 6:457–458 genetic considerations captive breeding programs 6:454 challenges 6:454 gene pool manipulation 6:454 greenhouse propagation 6:454 guidance 6:454 research background 6:453–454 goals and priorities 6:453 single species reintroduction abiotic constraints 6:455 biotic constraints 6:455 management solutions 6:455–456 purposes 6:454–455 riparian zones 6:461–463, 6:463F scaling laws alpha diversity 1:402–403, 6:534, 6:534 beta diversity 1:402–403, 6:534, 6:534 evolutionary biology 6:535 gamma diversity 1:402–403, 6:534, 6:534 genetic variability 6:533–534 marine ecology 6:535 scalable quantities 6:532 scaling relations general discussion 6:538 number scales completely with area (NDA1) 6:538 species diversity distribution (S(nirnk)DS(AirAk)DH (AirAk)) 6:538 species number scales incompletely with area (SDAb) 6:538 species number scales incompletely with numbers (SDN1/4) 6:538 species number scales with total numbers (SDN1/4DA1/4) 6:538 steeper scaling exponent (SDAb, where bisland4bblock) 6:538 steeper scaling exponent (SDAb, where bprovince4bblock) 6:538 taxonomic diversity distributions 6:532–533, 6:533F terrestrial ecology 6:535 sociocultural factors 6:563–570 language 4:270–271, 4:270T, 6:566 religious traditions 6:563–566 research summary 6:569 resource management ecosystem-like concepts and applications 6:386–387, 6:387T indigenous peoples 4:272, 6:384–385, 6:384, 6:566–568 traditional belief systems 6:386, 6:567–568 583 urban versus rural perceptions 6:568–569, 6:569T soils biotic diversity 6:582F, 6:583 disturbance effects 6:588–589 domains bacteria 6:583–584 characteristics 6:583 eukaryotes 6:585–586, 6:586T phylogenetic relationships 6:583 prokaryotes 6:583 Protozoa 6:586, 6:587F tree of life 6:584F evolutionary history 6:582–583 research summary 6:589 spheres of influence 6:582F, 6:583 viruses 6:584–585 spatial changes 1:404 species diversity basic concepts 1:401–402 measurement and analysis 1:402–403, 2:650, 6:534, 6:534 species packing 4:642–648 basic concepts ecological niche model 4:643 general discussion 4:644–645 laboratory experiments 4:643–644 Lotka–Volterra model 4:643 MacArthur–Levins model 4:645 multiple species model 4:645 niche separation–anatomical difference relationship 4:645–646 biological metaphor 4:642 research summary 4:646–647 species diversity 4:646 supporting services basic concepts 2:490T desertification 2:490T marine ecosystems 5:451–452, 5:452T sustainability 7:71–84 biodiversity–population density relationship 7:74F carrying capacity 7:75 demographic trends 7:72F ecological resilience 7:80–81, 7:81F ecosystem services 7:76T global trends 7:81–83, 7:82F, 7:83F human well-being indicators 7:77–80, 7:78F as natural capital component 7:76–77 poverty reduction 7:77–80 sustainability–biodiversity relationship 7:71–75 sustainable development 7:75 theory of inclusive wealth 7:73, 7:75–76 systems theory basic concepts 2:651–652 stability dynamics basic concepts 2:652–653 local asymptotic stability 2:652–653 transient dynamic behavior 2:653, 2:653F steady-state dynamics basic concepts 2:651–652, 2:651F colonization rates 2:651–652, 2:652F