810 Index soils (continued) abiotic–biotic interactions 6:580, 6:582F organizing functions 6:580 soil-forming factors 6:580, 6:581F ecosystem function measurements 3:77F, 3:79–80 environmental impacts 3:281 enzyme assays 5:268, 5:269T food webs 3:90T, 7:266F, 7:267T forest alteration effects 1:450 formation mechanisms 6:580, 6:581F functional role 6:580, 6:590–591 global change indicators 4:225–226, 4:225F, 4:228 global species richness 3:710 grassland ecosystems 4:2, 4:2F, 4:4 grazing effects 1:705–706, 6:337–338 hydric soils 7:378–379 landscape legacies 4:527 major degradation processes 6:592F major processes decomposition 6:580–581 nitrogen cycle 6:581–582, 6:582F microbial activities 5:303–304 microorganisms bioremediation 6:594 nitrogen deposition effects 5:530 soil quality indicators 6:597 nematodes 7:430 nitrogen depletion 4:527 nitrogen deposition effects 5:530 nitrogen fixation 1:560–561, 1:562F, 6:581–582, 6:582F nonextremeophilic Archaea 1:224T pesticide treatments 5:697–698 phosphorus gradient–hierarchical partitioning measures 3:606–608, 3:607F planned diversity 3:12 plant–soil interactions 6:109–128 basic concepts 6:109–111, 6:110F, 6:111F conservation and management practices anthropogenic impacts 6:125 atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations 6:126, 6:127F ecosystem functions 6:126–127 exotic species invasions 6:125 general discussion 6:125 nutrient pollution 6:125–126 restoration programs 6:125 feedback processes 6:111F geographic patterns 6:123, 6:123T litter deposition 6:119–121, 6:120T nutrient acquisition individual plants 6:116–117, 6:117F, 6:118F, 6:119F root growth patterns 6:119F spatial patterns 6:119F stand scale 6:117–118 plant–microbiota competitive interactions 6:118–119 plant tissue chemistry 6:119–121, 6:120T regional characteristics 6:123, 6:123T root–soil interface large-scale processes 6:123 mesoscale processes 6:116–117 nutrient and water uptake 6:113–115, 6:114F reduction–oxidation potential 6:115T rhizosphere 6:111–113, 6:112F, 6:113T small-scale processes 6:111–113 soil structure 6:115–116 schematic diagram 6:110F soil biota 6:121–123, 6:122F within-biome variations 6:123–125, 6:124F polyphasic characteristics 6:580 prior land use effects 7:281 productive potential regulation 1:346–348, 3:347 savannas 1:63–65 slash-and-burn systems bacteria and fungi reductions 6:556 invertebrate loss 6:556 soil properties and nutrients 6:555–556 soil fauna 5:530, 6:590T soil fertility 2:474, 7:281 soil food webs 6:448–449, 6:449F soil moisture prediction 4:497–498, 4:498F soil organic matter 1:113–114 soil quality anthropogenic impacts 6:591–593 assessment and monitoring programs basic process 6:595–596 government policies and regulations 6:597–598 indicator measures 6:596 erosion effects 6:591, 6:592F high-quality soils 6:591 indicator measures basic concepts 6:596 biological attributes 6:597 chemical attributes 6:596–597 physical attributes 6:596 soil types 1:581F species distribution modeling (SDM) 6:699–700 termites 4:431–432, 4:431F thermal ecosystems 4:112 tropical forests 7:271 twentieth century conservation 2:283–284 uncultured free-living organisms 1:315 unplanned diversity 3:13 water storage 3:561T wetland restoration programs 7:378–379 Sokal, Robert 7:102–104 Solanaceae 3:129T, 3:130T, 3:522T Solanum 6:316T Solanum melongena 2:663 Solanum mozinianum 1:120 Solanum pennelli 1:463 Solanum sessiliflorum 4:284–285, 4:284F, 4:289T Solanum tuberosum 2:383, 2:663–664, 3:128 solar energy 3:253T, 3:260–262, 3:265T solar heating 4:112 Solarium 3:130T Solaster endeca 2:17F soldier flies 3:489–491T, 3:493 sole 3:467–471 Solenodon cubanus 2:587F, 4:714F Solenodon paradoxus 4:713–714, 4:713F, 4:714F solenodons background and characteristics 4:713–714, 4:713F, 4:714F conservation efforts 4:715 general discussion 4:713–714 major threats 4:714–715 Solenodontidae 4:690–691 Solenogastres 5:669–670T Solenopsis geminata 4:360 Solenopsis invicta 1:78, 4:360, 6:50 Solenopsis xyloni 4:360 solfataras 1:219–220 Solidago altissima 4:639–640 Solidago missouriensis 1:707 Solifugae 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:213, 1:213F, 1:246T solitaires 1:605–606 Solomon Islands 4:270T, 4:560F, 5:592F, 5:598F, 6:507T Solonchaks 2:461–464 Solonetz 2:461–464 solution caves 7:50–51 solution hybridization 5:264T, 5:266–267 Somalia botanical gardens 6:507T desert ecosystems 2:467–468 domesticated ruminants 1:702–703 urbanization 4:560F Somalian white-collared guenon 6:256–258T Somatiidae 3:489–491T somber-bellied Mentawai surili 6:256–258T songbirds 1:607–608 song sparrows 4:490, 4:491F song thrushes 4:259 sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling gene 7:54F Sonneratia 1:277, 5:11T, 5:14 Sonneratiaceae 5:11T Sonoran Desert 2:468–469 Sonoran Orogeny 5:563 sooty shearwaters 2:7–8 sooty tern 6:78 Sophora chrysophylla 2:655 Sophora inhambanensis 1:55 Sophora toromiro 6:83 Sorbus alnifolia 1:271 Sorbus aucuparia 4:517 Sordaria fimicola 3:673–674 Sørensen index 2:444–445, 5:207–208, 6:659–660, 6:660F Sorex araneus 2:552F sorghum 1:132T, 2:383, 2:659, 2:663, 3:32F Sorghum bicolor 2:636F, 2:663 Soricidae 2:583F, 6:309T Soricomorpha 2:586–587, 2:587F, 4:690–691 Sorites 6:291–292 Soule´, Michael 2:255–257 source–sink dynamics 3:152, 4:496, 5:324–325, 5:325F