Index spatial replication 4:518 spatial scale effects 4:518 research results anthropogenic impacts 4:516–517 barrier identification 4:515–516 gene flow barriers 4:515–516 general research trends 4:514–515 landscape variables influences 4:516 sampling strategy and design 4:509–510 spatial patterns and connectivity 4:508–509 landscape legacies 4:524–530 driving forces land use 4:524–525 natural disturbances 4:525 ecosystem processes 4:527–528 plant communities 4:525–527 research implications 4:528 site history 4:524 soils 4:527 summary discussion 4:528 nutrient management–water quality relationship 1:107–108 population dynamics basic concepts 4:488–491 continuous habitat variability 4:497–498, 4:498F core and satellite model 4:496 disturbance recovery 4:498–499, 4:499F edge effects 4:496–497 environmental gradients 4:497–498 extinction debt 4:497 habitat fragmentation 4:496–497 habitat heterogeneity 1:381–382, 1:381F, 4:497–498 landscape changes 4:496–497 landscape structure basic concepts 4:491–493 habitat preservation 4:495 immigration 4:495 interspecific interactions 4:498–499, 4:499F landscape context 4:493 patch–matrix–corridor model 4:479, 4:479F, 4:492–493, 4:492F population viability analysis (PVA) 4:493–495 quantification methods 4:493 single large or several small (SLOSS) debate 4:495 metapopulation dynamics 4:495–496 research summary 4:499–500 simulation models 4:488–491, 4:490F, 4:491F soil moisture prediction 4:497–498, 4:498F source–sink dynamics 4:496, 5:324–325 spatial patterns 4:488–491, 4:489F wetland ecosystems 7:399 wildlife management 7:405–406 landscape epidemiology 4:503–507 background information 4:503 dynamic spatiotemporal mapping approaches 4:503 future research areas genetic studies 4:505–506 geographic profiling 4:506 mapless approaches 4:505 research summary 4:506 static mapping approaches basic concepts 4:503–505, 4:504F host distribution data 4:505 incidence data 4:504–505 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) 4:504 vector distribution data 1:361–362, 1:363F, 4:505 landscape genetics 4:508–523 analytical frameworks assignment tests 4:511 barrier detection 4:511, 4:512F graph theory/network analyses 4:512–514, 4:513F Mantel tests 4:510–511 ordination and regression analysis 4:514 resistance surfaces 4:511–512, 4:513F isolation-by-distance (IBD) models 4:508, 4:509F research background 4:508–509 research challenges genetic distance (FST) measures 4:518–519 interdisciplinary communication 4:517–518 landscape genomics 4:519–520 multispecies comparative studies 4:518 spatial analysis method (SAM) 4:519 spatial replication 4:518 spatial scale effects 4:518 research results anthropogenic impacts 4:516–517 barrier identification 4:515–516 gene flow barriers 4:515–516 general research trends 4:514–515 landscape variables influences 4:516 sampling strategy and design 4:509–510 spatial patterns and connectivity 4:508–509 landscape models 4:531–538 basic concepts 4:531–533 functional landscapes 4:531–533 modeling approaches functional role 4:533–535 hybrid/multimodeling models 4:534T, 4:535–536 neutral models 4:534T, 4:536 process models 4:534T, 4:535, 4:535F state-and-transition models 4:533–535, 4:534F, 4:534T research summary 4:536–537 landscape mosaics 7:66–68, 7:67F landscape patchiness management 7:232–233 land snails 1:33, 3:222, 3:226, 3:674F, 5:460T, 5:464T, 5:465F land-use change agricultural practices 4:556–558 biofuels direct land-use change (DLUC) 4:293–294 717 indirect land-use change (ILUC) 4:293–297 avoidance measures 4:296–297 biomass emission estimation 4:295–296 carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions 4:294–295 economic models 4:294–295, 4:294F, 4:295F estimation uncertainties 4:296 food price increases and rationing 4:296 global market impacts 4:294–295, 4:295F greenhouse gas emissions 4:293–294 land cover change emissions 4:295–296 land cover maps 4:295 marginal land usage 4:296–297 total emission–fuel quantity relationship 4:296 C4 plants 2:378–379, 2:379F carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions 4:539–554 Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model 4:539–540 consumption-side structure 4:540F economic and environmental impacts 4:540–544 emission factors 4:548–549 estimated emissions 4:549–550, 4:549T final analysis 4:551–552, 4:551T land cover and land-use activities 4:542F livestock production structure 4:542F, 4:543F, 4:543T marginal and average estimated emissions (first simulated group) 4:550, 4:550T marginal and average estimated emissions (second simulated group) 4:550–551, 4:550T marginal and average estimated emissions (third simulated group) 4:551, 4:551T modeling process 4:539–540 production-side structure 4:541F productivity measures 4:540–544 research limitations 4:553 research summary 4:552–553 simulation models 4:544–545 2001 simulation model 4:544–545, 4:544T, 4:545T 2001–2006 simulation model 4:545–547, 4:546T, 4:547T 2006–2015 simulation model 4:547–548, 4:548T, 4:549T well-to-wheel emissions 4:551–552, 4:552T, 4:553T soil and vegetation fluxes 1:284 Convention on Biological Diversity (1930) 2:317–318 current global land cover 4:557F, 4:566F ecosystem boundaries analytical studies 3:241–242