Index dissolved organic matter (DOM) 3:244–245, 7:51–52 Disterigma 3:522T Disterigma empetrifolium 4:103 Distichilis spicata 3:115–116 Distichlis humilis 4:105 Distichlis spicata 6:454 Distoechurus pennatus 4:688–689 disturbances 2:562–567, 2:568–581 anthropogenic impacts 2:566–567 background and characteristics 2:568–569, 2:569T basic concepts 2:562–563 biodiversity-friendly farming 2:542–544 carnivores 2:565–566 climate change effects 2:104 ecological impacts 2:562–563 ecological succession 7:69–70 ecosystem function measurements 3:83–84, 3:83F El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 3:155–156 extreme events 4:211–212 forest ecosystems 3:529 freshwater invertebrates 4:375 general discussion 2:568–569 grazing effects 4:9–10, 4:10F herbivores 2:565–566 historical range and variation (HRV) applications 2:573–574 background information 2:571–572 basic concepts 2:572–573, 2:572F edge effect 2:577F limitations 2:574–578, 2:575F quantification methods 2:573–574 simulation landscapes 2:574–578, 2:575F, 2:577F interaction impacts 2:566 intermediate disturbance hypothesis 2:115–117, 2:563, 4:79, 5:256 intertidal ecosystems 4:335–336 landscape diversity 4:479–480 landscape legacies 4:525 mechanical disturbances 2:563–564 Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems 5:213–214 metapopulation theory 5:243–244 microbial biodiversity 5:256 physico–chemical disturbances 2:564–565, 2:565F plant biodiversity threats 2:115–117, 2:123, 3:118, 6:62–63 recovery mechanisms 4:498–499, 4:499F soil biodiversity 6:588–589 species distribution modeling (SDM) 6:698–699 tropical forest regeneration 7:277–278 wetland ecosystems 7:399–400 wildland fires basic concepts 2:569–571, 2:569T influencing factors 2:570F whitebark pine forests 2:571, 2:571 ditches 3:572T dithiocarbamates 5:695, 5:699T dithiopyr 4:90T Ditrysia 5:386–389, 5:386F, 5:387–388T Diuraphis noxia 4:361 diuron 5:696 divergence 2:510–511 DIVERSITAS program 4:406–407 diversity 2:434–446 calculation methods 2:435–437, 2:435F community/regional level 2:595–607 definition 2:596 local species richness controls diversity–productivity relationship 2:597–599, 2:598F prediction limitations 2:599 research summary 2:606 spatial scale 2:604–605, 2:605F species–energy theory 2:596–597, 2:597T theoretical perspectives 2:605 Volterra–Gause perspective 2:595–596 measurement and analysis 1:403 regional species richness controls historical biogeographical factors 2:599–601, 2:600F metacommunity processes model 2:601–602, 2:602F phylogenetic patterns 2:599–601, 2:600F proportional sampling 2:602F, 2:603 research summary 2:606 spatial scale 2:604–605, 2:605F theoretical perspectives 2:605 research summary 2:606 saturation tests caveats 2:603 experimental evidence 2:603–604, 2:604F methodologies 2:602–603 test results 2:603 unsaturated versus saturated patterns 2:603 spatial scale 2:604–605, 2:605F theoretical perspectives comparative models 2:606, 2:606F design manipulations 2:605–606 multiscale perspectives 2:605 Type I/Type II relationships 2:603 definition 2:434–435 diversity indices Gini–Simpson index 2:438–439 Shannon index 2:438 Simpson index 2:438–439 diversity principle 4:148 molecular level diversity 2:626–637 conservation biology 2:637 DNA sequencing 2:627, 5:254 future research outlook 2:635–637 general discussion 2:626 genetic variation mutation process 2:627–628 phylogenetic divergence 2:632–633 process mechanisms 2:627 mutation process characteristics and classifications 2:627–628 cytological considerations 2:628–629 empirical research 2:631–632, 2:631T 631 evolutionary models 2:629–630 genome size effects 2:628, 2:628F influencing factors 2:629 mutation rates 2:628, 2:628T nearly neutral theory 2:630 neutral theory 2:629–630 nucleotide polymorphism 2:631–632, 2:631T, 2:632F ontogenetic considerations 2:628–629 prediction models 2:634–635, 2:635T, 2:636F selection-based models 2:630–631 statistical tests 2:631 phylogenetic divergence amino acid replacement 2:634, 2:634T empirical research 2:634 evolutionary models 2:633 general discussion 2:632–633 nearly neutral theory 2:633 neutral theory 2:633 prediction models 2:634–635, 2:635T, 2:636F selection-based models 2:633–634 statistical tests 2:634 substitution process 2:632–633, 2:634T prediction models 2:634–635, 2:635T, 2:636F research background 2:626–627 valuation measures 2:637 organism level 2:638–647 characteristics Darwinian theory 2:638 energy flow systems 2:638–639 functional internal organization 2:640 hierarchical organization 2:640 information systems 2:639–640 Lamarckian theory 2:638 evolutionary development eukaryotes 2:641 general discussion 2:640–647 prokaryotes 2:640–641 research summary 2:647 partitioning methods additive partitioning absolute species turnover 2:442443 alpha ỵ beta 2:442–443 proportional species turnover 2:444 Whittaker’s species turnover 2:443–444 alpha, beta, and gamma diversity additive partitioning 2:442–443 basic concepts 2:439–440 beta richness and diversity 2:442 diversity components 2:440–442, 2:441F richness components 2:440, 2:441F multiplicative partitioning alpha x beta 2:439–440 gamma diversity 2:439–440 richness x evenness 2:439 phylogenetic diversity 6:22 quantification methods 2:437–438