Index extent and geographical distribution 5:491, 5:492F, 5:493T fires 5:496–497 forest fragmentation 5:496, 5:497F grassland ecosystems 5:496 land change drivers 5:494F management practices 5:498 protected area systems 5:492–496, 5:493T, 5:495F savannas 5:496 secondary succession 5:490 shrublands 5:496 structural and functional characteristics 5:489–490, 5:489T, 5:491T tropical forests Africa 1:48–49 biodiversity change scenarios 4:6F biodiversity-rich countries 1:497–498 canopy architecture 3:511–512 current global land cover 4:557F deforestation annual forest change 2:448T C4 plants 2:379–381, 2:380F causal factors 2:379–381, 2:380F contemporary deforestation 2:448–449 ecological impacts 1:677F, 1:679T ecosystem function measurements 3:77F ecosystem services 1:334T El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events 3:156–158, 3:158F global agriculture impacts 3:428T global biodiversity trends 4:563F global distribution patterns 7:117T grazer-based ecosystem restoration and management 4:15 habitat loss and fragmentation 3:405–406, 3:405F livestock impacts 6:338–340, 6:340F living dead 4:596–597 neotropical seasonally dry forests 5:488–500 animal diversity 5:490 Central America 2:28 characteristics 5:488–490 climate change effects 5:497–498 deforestation 5:491–492, 5:494F extent and geographical distribution 5:491, 5:492F, 5:493T fires 5:496–497 forest fragmentation 5:496, 5:497F grassland ecosystems 5:496 land change drivers 5:494F management practices 5:498 protected area systems 5:492–496, 5:493T, 5:495F savannas 5:496 secondary succession 5:490 shrublands 5:496 structural and functional characteristics 5:489–490, 5:489T, 5:491T nitrogen deposition 5:526T pre-agriculture land cover 4:557F, 4:558F, 4:566F precipitation–temperature relationship 1:59F predation effects 6:239–240 protected area systems 6:492T, 6:499T regeneration systems 3:277–286 challenges 7:284–285 chronosequence studies 7:279–280 deforestation rates 7:277 forest dynamics 7:278, 7:279T functional diversity (FD) 7:282 historical perspective 7:277–278 prior land use effects 7:281 recovery processes 7:281–282 regeneration sources 7:280–281 seed dispersal–predation relationship 7:283–284 soil fertility 7:281 species composition changes 7:282–283, 7:283F successional continuum 7:278 successional trajectories and stages 7:278–280, 7:279T seasonally dry tropical forests 5:488–500 animal diversity 5:490 Central America 2:28 characteristics 5:488–490 climate change effects 5:497–498 deforestation 5:491–492, 5:494F extent and geographical distribution 5:491, 5:492F, 5:493T fires 5:496–497 forest fragmentation 5:496, 5:497F grassland ecosystems 5:496 land change drivers 5:494F management practices 5:498 protected area systems 5:492–496, 5:493T, 5:495F savannas 5:496 secondary succession 5:490 shrublands 5:496 structural and functional characteristics 5:489–490, 5:489T, 5:491T South America distribution and structure 3:110 functional aspects 3:112 general patterns 3:111–112 land cover classifications 6:607T mountain cloud forests 3:111 natural ecosystems 6:599–608, 6:606F, 6:606T tropical broadleaf forests 6:600–604T tropical moist forest 6:600–604T tropical rain forests 3:110, 3:111F, 3:112 tropical semideciduous/dry forests 3:110–111, 3:112–113 tropical broadleaf forests 3:428T, 6:600–604T tropical deciduous forests 3:404 tropical dry forest 1:266–267, 6:600–604T tropical forest canopies 3:709–710 675 wildfire effects 3:156–158, 3:158F tropical moist forest Asia 1:277T biodiversity measures 1:404 conservation status 3:171–173T nitrogen deposition 5:526T protected area systems 5:444T South America 6:600–604T, 6:607T tropical rain forests animal diversity 6:304–312 beetles 6:306 birds 6:307–309, 6:308T butterflies 6:306–307, 6:307T frogs 6:307 future outlook 6:311–312 general characteristics 6:306 geographical patterns 6:310 geographic distribution 6:304–305 high species richness 6:310–311 historical perspective 6:304 mammals 6:309–310, 6:309T assessment techniques Global Forest Resources Assessment 6:322, 6:323, 6:324T model-based assessments 6:322 multidate remote sensing survey 6:322–323 biodiversity-rich countries 1:500–501 Central America 2:27–28 characteristics 6:304–305 geographic distribution 6:304–305 global biodiversity trends 4:563F habitat destruction 3:403–404, 3:403F livestock impacts 6:338–340, 6:340F loss and change 6:322–329 assessment techniques 6:322 cultural diversity loss 6:328 current rainforest areas 6:323, 6:324T deforestation risks 6:327–328, 6:328T diversity implications 6:327–328 eco-floristic zone concept 6:329 ecosystem resilience loss 6:328–329, 6:329F forest land change and transition 6:325–327, 6:326F, 6:326T historic rainforest areas 6:323, 6:324T species richness loss 6:327–328, 6:328T transition matrices 6:325–327, 6:326F, 6:326T net primary production (NPP) 1:560T precipitation–temperature relationship 1:59F protected area systems 5:444T, 6:492T, 6:499T rain forest types 6:305–306 seed dispersal and germination 1:708 soils 6:123T South America distribution and structure 3:110, 3:111F functional aspects 3:112 termites 4:430T, 4:432T weed management biodiversity effects 4:91–92