Oracle® Database Administrator's Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2) E10595-04 August 2009 Oracle Database Administrator's Guide, 11g Release 2 (11.2) E10595-04 Copyright © 2001, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Primary Author: Steve Fogel Contributing Authors: Caroline Johnston, Sheila Moore, Tony Morales, Padmaja Potineni, Randy Urbano Contributors: David Austin, Bharat Baddepudi, Cathy Baird, Mark Bauer, Eric Belden, Atif Chaudhry, Jonathan Creighton, Sudip Datta, Mark Dilman, Jacco Draaijer, Marcus Fallen, Amit Ganesh, GP Gongloor, Vira Goorah, Shivani Gupta, Bill Hodak, Pat Huey, Chandrasekharan Iyer, Bhushan Khaladkar, Balaji Krishnan, Vasudha Krishnaswamy, Bala Kuchibhotla, Sushil Kumar, Vikram Kumar, Paul Lane, Adam Lee, Bill Lee, Sue K. Lee, Chon Lei, Yunrui Li, Ilya Listvinsky, Bryn Llewellyn, Barb Lundhild, Scott Lynn, Raghu Mani, Vineet Marwah, Colin McGregor, Mughees Minhas, Krishna Mohan, Sheila Moore, Valarie Moore, Niloy Mukherjee, Sujatha Muthulingam, Gary Ngai Ananth Raghavan, Mark Ramacher, Ravi Ramkissoon, Yair Sarig, Bipul Sinha, Deborah Steiner, Janet Stern, Michael Stewart, Mahesh Subramaniam, Anh-Tuan Tran, Alex Tsukerman, Kothanda Umamageswaran, Eric Voss, Daniel M. Wong, Paul Youn, Wei Zhang This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. 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Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services. iii Contents Preface xxvii Audience xxvii Documentation Accessibility xxvii Related Documents xxviii Conventions xxviii What's New in Oracle Database Administrator's Guide? xxix Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2) New Features in the Administrator's Guide xxix Part I Basic Database Administration 1 Getting Started with Database Administration Types of Oracle Database Users 1-1 Database Administrators 1-1 Security Officers 1-2 Network Administrators 1-2 Application Developers 1-2 Application Administrators 1-3 Database Users 1-3 Tasks of a Database Administrator 1-3 Task 1: Evaluate the Database Server Hardware 1-3 Task 2: Install the Oracle Database Software 1-4 Task 3: Plan the Database 1-4 Task 4: Create and Open the Database 1-5 Task 5: Back Up the Database 1-5 Task 6: Enroll System Users 1-5 Task 7: Implement the Database Design 1-5 Task 8: Back Up the Fully Functional Database 1-5 Task 9: Tune Database Performance 1-5 Task 10: Download and Install Patches 1-5 Task 11: Roll Out to Additional Hosts 1-6 Submitting Commands and SQL to the Database 1-6 About SQL*Plus 1-7 Connecting to the Database with SQL*Plus 1-7 Identifying Your Oracle Database Software Release 1-12 iv Release Number Format 1-13 Checking Your Current Release Number 1-13 About Database Administrator Security and Privileges 1-14 The Database Administrator's Operating System Account 1-14 Administrative User Accounts 1-14 Database Administrator Authentication 1-16 Administrative Privileges 1-16 Selecting an Authentication Method for Database Administrators 1-18 Using Operating System Authentication 1-20 Using Password File Authentication 1-21 Creating and Maintaining a Password File 1-22 Creating a Password File with ORAPWD 1-23 Sharing and Disabling the Password File 1-24 Adding Users to a Password File 1-25 Maintaining a Password File 1-27 Data Utilities 1-27 2 Creating and Configuring an Oracle Database About Creating an Oracle Database 2-1 Considerations Before Creating the Database 2-2 Creating a Database with DBCA 2-5 Creating a Database with Interactive DBCA 2-5 Creating a Database with Noninteractive/Silent DBCA 2-5 Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement 2-6 Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID) 2-7 Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set 2-7 Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method 2-7 Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File 2-8 Step 5: (Windows Only) Create an Instance 2-9 Step 6: Connect to the Instance 2-9 Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File 2-10 Step 8: Start the Instance 2-10 Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement 2-11 Step 10: Create Additional Tablespaces 2-14 Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views 2-14 Step 12: Run Scripts to Install Additional Options (Optional) 2-15 Step 13: Back Up the Database. 2-15 Step 14: (Optional) Enable Automatic Instance Startup 2-15 Specifying CREATE DATABASE Statement Clauses 2-16 Protecting Your Database: Specifying Passwords for Users SYS and SYSTEM 2-16 Creating a Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace 2-17 About the SYSAUX Tablespace 2-17 Using Automatic Undo Management: Creating an Undo Tablespace 2-19 Creating a Default Permanent Tablespace 2-19 Creating a Default Temporary Tablespace 2-19 Specifying Oracle-Managed Files at Database Creation 2-20 Supporting Bigfile Tablespaces During Database Creation 2-21 v Specifying the Database Time Zone and Time Zone File 2-22 Specifying FORCE LOGGING Mode 2-23 Specifying Initialization Parameters 2-24 About Initialization Parameters and Initialization Parameter Files 2-25 Determining the Global Database Name 2-27 Specifying a Fast Recovery Area 2-28 Specifying Control Files 2-29 Specifying Database Block Sizes 2-29 Specifying the Maximum Number of Processes 2-30 Specifying the DDL Lock Timeout 2-30 Specifying the Method of Undo Space Management 2-31 About The COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter 2-31 Setting the License Parameter 2-32 Managing Initialization Parameters Using a Server Parameter File 2-32 What Is a Server Parameter File? 2-33 Migrating to a Server Parameter File 2-33 Creating a Server Parameter File 2-34 Storing the Server Parameter File on HARD-Enabled Storage 2-35 The SPFILE Initialization Parameter 2-37 Changing Initialization Parameter Values 2-38 Clearing Initialization Parameter Values 2-39 Exporting the Server Parameter File 2-39 Backing Up the Server Parameter File 2-40 Recovering a Lost or Damaged Server Parameter File 2-40 Viewing Parameter Settings 2-41 Managing Application Workloads with Database Services 2-42 About Database Services 2-42 Creating Database Services 2-43 Database Service Data Dictionary Views 2-44 Considerations After Creating a Database 2-45 Some Security Considerations 2-45 Enabling Transparent Data Encryption 2-45 Creating a Secure External Password Store 2-46 Installing the Oracle Database Sample Schemas 2-46 Dropping a Database 2-47 Database Data Dictionary Views 2-47 3 Starting Up and Shutting Down Starting Up a Database 3-1 About Database Startup Options 3-1 Specifying Initialization Parameters at Startup 3-2 About Automatic Startup of Database Services 3-5 Preparing to Start Up an Instance 3-5 Starting Up an Instance 3-6 Altering Database Availability 3-9 Mounting a Database to an Instance 3-9 Opening a Closed Database 3-10 vi Opening a Database in Read-Only Mode 3-10 Restricting Access to an Open Database 3-11 Shutting Down a Database 3-12 Shutting Down with the Normal Mode 3-12 Shutting Down with the Immediate Mode 3-12 Shutting Down with the Transactional Mode 3-13 Shutting Down with the Abort Mode 3-13 Shutdown Timeout 3-14 Quiescing a Database 3-14 Placing a Database into a Quiesced State 3-15 Restoring the System to Normal Operation 3-16 Viewing the Quiesce State of an Instance 3-16 Suspending and Resuming a Database 3-16 4 Configuring Automatic Restart of an Oracle Database About Oracle Restart 4-1 Startup Dependencies 4-2 Manually Starting and Stopping Components 4-2 Manually Starting and Stopping Oracle Restart 4-3 Oracle Restart Configuration 4-3 Oracle Restart Integration with Oracle Data Guard 4-4 Fast Application Notification with Oracle Restart 4-5 Configuring Oracle Restart 4-9 Preparing to Run SRVCTL 4-10 Obtaining Help for SRVCTL 4-10 Adding Components to the Oracle Restart Configuration 4-11 Removing Components from the Oracle Restart Configuration 4-13 Disabling and Enabling Oracle Restart Management for a Component 4-14 Viewing Component Status 4-15 Viewing the Oracle Restart Configuration for a Component 4-15 Modifying the Oracle Restart Configuration for a Component 4-16 Managing Environment Variables in the Oracle Restart Configuration 4-16 Creating and Deleting Database Services with SRVCTL 4-18 Enabling FAN Events in an Oracle Restart Environment 4-19 Automating the Failover of Connections Between Primary and Standby Databases 4-20 Enabling Clients for Fast Connection Failover 4-20 Starting and Stopping Components Managed by Oracle Restart 4-24 Starting and Stopping Components Managed by Oracle Restart with SRVCTL 4-25 Starting a Database Managed by Oracle Restart with Oracle Enterprise Manager 4-26 Stopping and Restarting Oracle Restart for Maintenance Operations 4-27 SRVCTL Command Reference 4-29 add 4-31 config 4-37 disable 4-41 enable 4-44 getenv 4-47 modify 4-49 vii remove 4-53 setenv 4-57 start 4-59 status 4-63 stop 4-67 unsetenv 4-71 CRSCTL Command Reference 4-73 check 4-74 config 4-74 disable 4-74 enable 4-74 start 4-74 stop 4-74 5 Managing Processes About Dedicated and Shared Server Processes 5-1 Dedicated Server Processes 5-1 Shared Server Processes 5-2 About Database Resident Connection Pooling 5-4 Comparing DRCP to Dedicated Server and Shared Server 5-5 Restrictions on Using Database Resident Connection Pooling 5-5 Configuring Oracle Database for Shared Server 5-6 Initialization Parameters for Shared Server 5-6 Memory Management for Shared Server 5-7 Enabling Shared Server 5-7 Configuring Dispatchers 5-9 Shared Server Data Dictionary Views 5-14 Configuring Database Resident Connection Pooling 5-15 Enabling Database Resident Connection Pooling 5-15 Configuring the Connection Pool for Database Resident Connection Pooling 5-16 Data Dictionary Views for Database Resident Connection Pooling 5-18 About Oracle Database Background Processes 5-18 Managing Processes for Parallel SQL Execution 5-20 About Parallel Execution Servers 5-20 Altering Parallel Execution for a Session 5-21 Managing Processes for External Procedures 5-22 Terminating Sessions 5-22 Identifying Which Session to Terminate 5-23 Terminating an Active Session 5-23 Terminating an Inactive Session 5-23 Process and Session Data Dictionary Views 5-24 6 Managing Memory About Memory Management 6-1 Memory Architecture Overview 6-2 Using Automatic Memory Management 6-3 viii About Automatic Memory Management 6-3 Enabling Automatic Memory Management 6-4 Monitoring and Tuning Automatic Memory Management 6-6 Configuring Memory Manually 6-7 Using Automatic Shared Memory Management 6-7 Using Manual Shared Memory Management 6-14 Using Automatic PGA Memory Management 6-19 Using Manual PGA Memory Management 6-20 Memory Management Reference 6-21 Platforms That Support Automatic Memory Management 6-21 Memory Management Data Dictionary Views 6-21 7 Managing Users and Securing the Database The Importance of Establishing a Security Policy for Your Database 7-1 Managing Users and Resources 7-1 Managing User Privileges and Roles 7-2 Auditing Database Use 7-2 Predefined User Accounts 7-2 8 Monitoring Database Operations Monitoring Errors and Alerts 8-1 Monitoring Errors with Trace Files and the Alert Log 8-1 Monitoring Database Operations with Server-Generated Alerts 8-4 Monitoring Performance 8-6 Monitoring Locks 8-7 Monitoring Wait Events 8-7 Performance Monitoring Data Dictionary Views 8-7 9 Managing Diagnostic Data About the Oracle Database Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure 9-1 Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure Overview 9-1 About Incidents and Problems 9-3 Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure Components 9-5 Structure, Contents, and Location of the Automatic Diagnostic Repository 9-7 Investigating, Reporting, and Resolving a Problem 9-10 Roadmap—Investigating, Reporting, and Resolving a Problem 9-10 Task 1 – View Critical Error Alerts in Enterprise Manager 9-12 Task 2 –View Problem Details 9-13 Task 3 – (Optional) Gather Additional Diagnostic Information 9-13 Task 4 – (Optional) Create a Service Request 9-13 Task 5 – Package and Upload Diagnostic Data to Oracle Support 9-14 Task 6 – Track the Service Request and Implement Any Repairs 9-15 Task 7 – Close Incidents 9-16 Viewing Problems with the Enterprise Manager Support Workbench 9-17 Creating a User-Reported Problem 9-18 Viewing the Alert Log 9-19 ix Finding Trace Files 9-20 Running Health Checks with Health Monitor 9-20 About Health Monitor 9-21 Running Health Checks Manually 9-22 Viewing Checker Reports 9-23 Health Monitor Views 9-26 Health Check Parameters Reference 9-27 Repairing SQL Failures with the SQL Repair Advisor 9-28 About the SQL Repair Advisor 9-28 Running the SQL Repair Advisor 9-28 Viewing, Disabling, or Removing a SQL Patch 9-29 Repairing Data Corruptions with the Data Recovery Advisor 9-30 Creating, Editing, and Uploading Custom Incident Packages 9-32 About Incident Packages 9-32 Packaging and Uploading Problems with Custom Packaging 9-35 Viewing and Modifying Incident Packages 9-38 Creating, Editing, and Uploading Correlated Packages 9-44 Deleting Correlated Packages 9-45 Setting Incident Packaging Preferences 9-45 Part II Oracle Database Structure and Storage 10 Managing Control Files What Is a Control File? 10-1 Guidelines for Control Files 10-2 Provide Filenames for the Control Files 10-2 Multiplex Control Files on Different Disks 10-2 Back Up Control Files 10-3 Manage the Size of Control Files 10-3 Creating Control Files 10-3 Creating Initial Control Files 10-3 Creating Additional Copies, Renaming, and Relocating Control Files 10-4 Creating New Control Files 10-4 Troubleshooting After Creating Control Files 10-7 Checking for Missing or Extra Files 10-7 Handling Errors During CREATE CONTROLFILE 10-7 Backing Up Control Files 10-8 Recovering a Control File Using a Current Copy 10-8 Recovering from Control File Corruption Using a Control File Copy 10-8 Recovering from Permanent Media Failure Using a Control File Copy 10-8 Dropping Control Files 10-9 Control Files Data Dictionary Views 10-9 11 Managing the Redo Log What Is the Redo Log? 11-1 Redo Threads 11-1 x Redo Log Contents 11-2 How Oracle Database Writes to the Redo Log 11-2 Planning the Redo Log 11-4 Multiplexing Redo Log Files 11-4 Placing Redo Log Members on Different Disks 11-6 Planning the Size of Redo Log Files 11-7 Planning the Block Size of Redo Log Files 11-7 Choosing the Number of Redo Log Files 11-8 Controlling Archive Lag 11-9 Creating Redo Log Groups and Members 11-10 Creating Redo Log Groups 11-10 Creating Redo Log Members 11-11 Relocating and Renaming Redo Log Members 11-11 Dropping Redo Log Groups and Members 11-13 Dropping Log Groups 11-13 Dropping Redo Log Members 11-13 Forcing Log Switches 11-14 Verifying Blocks in Redo Log Files 11-14 Clearing a Redo Log File 11-15 Redo Log Data Dictionary Views 11-16 12 Managing Archived Redo Logs What Is the Archived Redo Log? 12-1 Choosing Between NOARCHIVELOG and ARCHIVELOG Mode 12-2 Running a Database in NOARCHIVELOG Mode 12-2 Running a Database in ARCHIVELOG Mode 12-3 Controlling Archiving 12-4 Setting the Initial Database Archiving Mode 12-4 Changing the Database Archiving Mode 12-4 Performing Manual Archiving 12-5 Adjusting the Number of Archiver Processes 12-6 Specifying Archive Destinations 12-6 Setting Initialization Parameters for Archive Destinations 12-6 Understanding Archive Destination Status 12-9 Specifying Alternate Destinations 12-10 About Log Transmission Modes 12-10 Normal Transmission Mode 12-10 Standby Transmission Mode 12-10 Managing Archive Destination Failure 12-11 Specifying the Minimum Number of Successful Destinations 12-11 Rearchiving to a Failed Destination 12-12 Controlling Trace Output Generated by the Archivelog Process 12-13 Viewing Information About the Archived Redo Log 12-14 Archived Redo Logs Views 12-14 The ARCHIVE LOG LIST Command 12-15 [...]... Oracle Database 2 Day DBA ■ Oracle Database Concepts ■ Oracle Database SQL Language Reference ■ Oracle Database Reference ■ Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference ■ Oracle Database Storage Administrator's Guide ■ Oracle Database VLDB and Partitioning Guide ■ Oracle Database Error Messages ■ Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide ■ Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide. .. What Are Database Links? What Are Shared Database Links? Why Use Database Links? Global Database Names in Database Links Names for Database Links Types of Database Links Users of Database Links Creation of Database Links: Examples Schema Objects and Database Links Database Link Restrictions... User's Guide ■ Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide ■ Oracle Database Advanced Application Developer's Guide ■ Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference ■ SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference Many of the examples in this book use the sample schemas, which are installed by default when you select the Basic Installation option with an Oracle Database installation Refer to Oracle Database Sample Schemas... enter What's New in Oracle Database Administrator's Guide? This section describes new features of Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2) that are documented in this guide, and provides pointers to additional information Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2) New Features in the Administrator's Guide ■ Oracle Restart improves database availability by automatically restarting the database after a failure If... Distributed Database: Examples Example 1: Creating a Public Fixed User Database Link Example 2: Creating a Public Fixed User Shared Database Link Example 3: Creating a Public Connected User Database Link Example 4: Creating a Public Connected User Shared Database Link Example 5: Creating a Public Current User Database Link 32 Developing Applications for a Distributed Database. .. Distributed Database Management 29-1 29-1 29-2 29-4 29-9 29-9 29-9 29-10 29-13 29-13 29-13 29-13 29-16 29-16 29-16 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-20 29-21 29-21 29-22 29-23 30 Distributed Database Concepts Distributed Database Architecture Homogenous Distributed Database Systems Heterogeneous Distributed Database Systems Client/Server Database Architecture Database Links... Oracle Database" ■ Chapter 5, "Managing Processes" ■ Chapter 6, "Managing Memory" ■ Chapter 7, "Managing Users and Securing the Database" ■ Chapter 8, "Monitoring Database Operations" ■ Chapter 9, "Managing Diagnostic Data" 1 1 Getting Started with Database Administration In this chapter: ■ Types of Oracle Database Users ■ Tasks of a Database Administrator ■ Submitting Commands and SQL to the Database. .. Identifying Your Oracle Database Software Release ■ About Database Administrator Security and Privileges ■ Database Administrator Authentication ■ Creating and Maintaining a Password File ■ Data Utilities Types of Oracle Database Users The types of users and their roles and responsibilities depend on the database site A small site can have one database administrator who administers the database for application... divide the duties of a database administrator among several people and among several areas of specialization Database Administrators Each database requires at least one database administrator (DBA) An Oracle Database system can be large and can have many users Therefore, database administration is sometimes not a one-person job, but a job for a group of DBAs who share responsibility A database administrator's... Remote database jobs—You can now create a job that runs stored procedures and anonymous PL/SQL blocks on another database instance on the same host or on a remote host The target database can be any release of Oracle Database See "Database Jobs" on page 27-15 – Multiple-destination jobs—You can now run a job on multiple locations, and control and monitor all instances of the job from one central database . Oracle® Database Administrator's Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2) E10595-04 August 2009 Oracle Database Administrator's Guide, 11g Release. Oracle Database Administrator's Guide? xxix Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2) New Features in the Administrator's Guide xxix Part I Basic Database