604 Latitudinal and Elevational Range Shifts under Contemporary Climate Change Table Examples of observed latitudinal range shifts under contemporary climate change Taxonomic group No taxa Latitudinal zone (deg.) Spatial extenta Crustaceans Chordates Moths Fishes Plankton Plankton Birds Birds Butterflies Odonates Odonates Arthropods Herptiles Fishes Birds Mammals Butterflies Butterflies Birds Birds Fishes Birds 1 25 11 116 34 24 280 15 22 46 27 29 75 254 [ À 90; –60] [ À 90; –60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 90] [30; 90] [60; 90] [60; 90] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] C C R R C C R R R R R R R R R R R R C C L C 75 75 30 80 40 40 10 10 35 35 35 25 25 25 20 25 35 35 25 25 20 30 13 26 [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] L R R 15 55 55 [60; [30; [30; [30; [30; [30; 90] 60] 60] 90] 60] 60] R R R C R C 15 125 125 50 25 45 [30; 60] [30; 60] [ À 90; –60] [60; 90] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] [30; 60] L L R R R R R R R R R R R 65 65 25 50 20 20 20 20 50 30 20 20 20 Plants Algae Algae Acarids Mammals Mammals Butterflies Fishes Plankton Invertebrates Invertebrates Plants Plants Birds Birds Lichens Lichens Plants Butterflies Birds Birds Birds 35 43 B400 11 59 42 12 66 46 41 129 43 No years T/R C L/F Main changes Reference x x x x x x x Atkinson et al (2004) Atkinson et al (2004) Battisti et al (2005) Beare et al (2004) Beaugrand et al (2002) Beaugrand et al (2002) Brommer (2004) Brommer (2004) Franco et al (2006) Hickling et al (2005) Hickling et al (2005) Hickling et al (2006) Hickling et al (2006) Hickling et al (2006) Hickling et al (2006) Hickling et al (2006) Hill et al (2002) Hill et al (2002) Hitch and Leberg (2007) Hitch and Leberg (2007) Holbrook et al (1997) La Sorte and Thompson (2007) Lesica and McCune (2004) Lima et al (2007) Lima et al (2007) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Decreasing abundance Increasing abundance Northward range shift Increasing abundance Increasing richness Decreasing richness Northward range shift Absence of range shift Northward range shift Northward range shift Northward range shift Northward range shift Southward range shift Northward range shift Absence of range shift Northward range shift Absence of range shift Absence of range shift Northward range shift Absence of range shift Decreasing abundance Northward range shift Decreasing abundance Northward range shift Northward range shift Increasing abundance Increasing abundance Decreasing abundance Northward range shift Northward range shift Northward range shift Increasing abundance Decreasing abundance Increasing abundance Increasing abundance Northward range shift Absence of range shift Increasing richness Decreasing richness Northward range shift Decreasing abundance Absence of range shift Northward range shift Northward range shift Lindgren et al (2000) Myers et al (2009) Myers et al (2009) Parmesan et al (1999) Perry et al (2005) Richardson and Schoeman (2004) Sagarin et al (1999) Sagarin et al (1999) Smith (1994) Sturm et al (2001) Thomas and Lennon (1999) Thomas and Lennon (1999) van Herk et al (2002) van Herk et al (2002) Walther et al (2005a, b) Warren et al (2001) Zuckerberg et al (2009) Zuckerberg et al (2009) Zuckerberg et al (2009) a C: continental; L: local; R: regional Examples of recent studies reporting, for both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, modern latitudinal range shifts of organisms at the trailing/rear edge (T/R), the core (C), or the leading/front edge (L/F) of their latitudinal range We restricted our literature survey to studies that have explicitly used historical occurrence data to assess range shifts under modern climate change We focused on the following two types of historically based studies (Parmesan, 2006): (1) those that directly assess range shifts by comparing historical and modern data on species distribution across their entire ranges or sections of ranges; and (2) those that infer range shifts by comparing historical and modern data on species composition or abundance within local communities Shaded cells represent reports for marine ecosystems, whereas nonshaded cells represent reports for terrestrial ecosystems Arctic, and alpine) with much less research on elevational range shifts in hotter areas such as Mediterranean and tropical biomes (Table 2) However, on the contrary to the latitudinal range shifts, there is relatively many studies documenting elevational range shifts in the Tropics, for example, for plants, insects, amphibians, and reptiles (Pounds et al., 1997; Raxworthy et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2009; Feeley et al., 2011; Juvik et al., 2011) Continental-scale studies of elevational range shifts under contemporary climate change are still lacking (Table 2)