1. Trang chủ
  2. » Thể loại khác

Encyclopedia of biodiversity encyclopedia of biodiversity, (7 volume set) ( PDFDrive ) 2776

1 2 0

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU

Thông tin cơ bản

Định dạng
Số trang 1
Dung lượng 63,17 KB

Nội dung

424 Table Isoptera Characters showing evolutionary change within termites Characters showing advance Primitive condition Characters showing regression Derivative condition Behavioral-physiological Small numbers in the nature Large numbers in the mature colony colony Excavated nests with little Elaborately constructed carton construction nests Relatively little care of eggs, Relatively great care of eggs, nymphs, and adults nymphs, and adults Food not store Food stored Nutritive dependence upon Nutritive independence from symbiotic intestinal flagellates symbiotic intestinal flagellates Damp-wood eaters Dry-wood eaters Wood eaters Deaf leaf and grass eaters Wood eaters Humus eaters No fungus gardens Fungus gardens Few or no termitophiles Termitophiles, often speciesspecific and highly modified Workers forage only within Workers forage outside nest, excavated tunnels in wood sometimes in covered tunnels and sometimes on exposed odor trails Reproductive castes Large abdomen of queen with Small abdomen of queen with large ovaries and glandular small ovaries and glandular tissue tissue Capacity to produce substitute Reproduction confined to (neotenic) kings and queens primary reproductive caste (image) Frontal gland absent Frontal gland present Front coxae smooth Front coxae with ridge or projection False worker caste present Workers True worker caste present Soldiers Head elongate, large, smooth, Head round, or extremely flat, or somewhat flattened, with phragmotic; surface rough or large, curved, and toothed with ridges and projections, biting mandibles mandibles elongate and thin, or twised for snapping, or with proejction for frontal gland Mandibles with smooth cutting Mandibles with serrated cutting edges or with reduced teeth edges Pronotum wide, flatly convex, Pronotum narrow, saddleand with smooth edges shaped and sometimes with serrated edges Front coxa smooth Front coxa ridge or projection Primitive condition Derivative condition Imagoes (primary reproductives) Y-suture of head present Y-suture of head reduced or absent Two well-developed ocelli present Ocelli reduced or absent Antennae with numerous segments Antennae with fewer segments Mandibles with or prominent marginal Mandibles with reduced teeth teeth with sharp basal notches and notches Five tarsal joints present Second tarsal joint reduced or absent Arolium present between tarsal claws Arolium absent Carci with numerous segments (up to 8) Cerci reduced, usually with segments Styli present Styli absent Egg mass in cluster Eggs laid separately Genitalia similar and clearly homologous Genitalia reduced or absent to those of cockroaches Hind wing with anal lobe Hind wing without anal lobe Pronotum wide and flat Pronotum narrow and saddleshaped Workers Compound eyes faceted and pigmented Compound eyes reduced or absent Mandibles as in primitive imagoes Mandibles as in derivative imagoes Soldiers Antennae with many segments (up to 29) Antennae with fewer segments(As few as 10) Compound eyes pigmented and faced Compound eyes unpigmented, or nonfaceted or even absent Ocellus spot present Ocellus spot absent Mandibles with or large marginal teeth Mandibles with reduced marginal teeth Soldiers present Soldiers absent These changes have occurred at various places in termite evolution Source: Modified from Wilson EO (1971) The insect Societies Cambridge: Harvard University Press carry the food ball to the nest Medium workers also form food balls Two arboreal species of Nasutitermitinae, Nasutitermes nigriceps, and N nigriceps form a clear foraging territory in a Panamanian mangrove forest They build arboreal nests and forage along carton-convered tunnels on branches, which radiate from the nest, and have a nonoverlapping foraging area that is intra- and interspecifically defended Life History of Fungus-Growing Termites A new colony is founded by dealates or budding of the parent colony In most cases, a pair of dealates found a new colony to be primary reproductives Multiple alate-derived queens are restricted to the Termitidae (ca 40 species are known) Colony budding is achieved by active migration of swarms containing all castes or by division of a diffusely organized colony

Ngày đăng: 28/10/2022, 11:38