xii Contents Human Impacts on Ecosystems: An Overview Paul R Ehrlich, Claire Kremen, and Anne H Ehrlich 153 Hunter-Gatherer Societies, Ecological Impact of Kathleen A Galvin and Tyler Beeton 162 Hybridization in Plants Pamela S Soltis 166 Hymenoptera Norman F Johnson 177 I Identifying Conservation Priorities using a Return on Investment Analysis Edward T Game 185 Impact of Ecological Restoration on Ecosystem Services Holly P Jones 199 Impact of Extreme and Infrequent Events on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity Thomas Kitzberger 209 Impact of Past Global Warming on Biodiversity Gregory J Retallack 224 Implications of Urbanization for Conservation and Biodiversity Protection Robert Ian McDonald 231 Inbreeding and Outbreeding Katherine Ralls, Richard Frankham, and Jonathan D Ballou 245 Indicator Species John H Lawton and Kevin J Gaston 253 Indicator Species: Computation Pierre Legendre 264 Indigenous Peoples and Biodiversity Vı´ctor M Toledo 269 Indigenous Strategies Used to Domesticate Plants in Brazilian Amazon Giorgini A Venturieri 279 Indirect Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biofuels Richard J Plevin and Daniel M Kammen 293 Insecticide Resistance Ian Denholm and Greg Devine 298 Insects, Overview Brian V Brown 308 In Situ, Ex Situ Conservation Nigel Maxted 313 International Organizations and Biodiversity Margaret Goud Collins 324 Intertidal Ecosystems AJ Underwood and MG Chapman 332 Introduced Plants, Negative Effects of William G Lee 345 Introduced Species, Impacts and Distribution of Daniel Simberloff 357