476 Fishes, Biodiversity of eels, dragonfishes, anglerfishes, seadevils, and fangtooths (Figure 20 Anglerfish) Benthal fishes include about 1000 bony fish species in four superorders and nine orders, plus chimaeras and squaloid sharks Different families inhabit bottom compared to openwater regions Benthal fishes include greeneyes, tripodfishes, hakes, grenadiers, cuskeels, batfishes, snailfishes, and eelpouts Although diversity decreases below 1000 m, grenadiers and rattails live between 1000 and 4000 m, tripodfish have been found to 6000 m and snailfishes to 7000 m, and some cuskeels have been found as deep as 8000 m Although some differences in species composition occur in different ocean basins or in association with different water masses, deepsea species are relatively cosmopolitan, occurring in several different oceans One trend is for fishes to occur deeper at lower latitudes, such that species that are bathypelagic near the equator may be mesopelagic at middle latitudes and even epipelagic at the poles See also: Fish Conservation Fish Stocks Lake and Pond Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems Pelagic Ecosystems References Barlow GW (2000) The Cichlid Fishes: Nature’s Grand Experiment in Evolution Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing Barton M (2006) Bond’s Biology of Fishes, 3rd edn Stamford, CT: Thomson Brooks/Cole Berra TM (2007) Freshwater Fish Distribution Chicago: University of Chicago Press Briggs JC (1995) Global Biogeography Amsterdam: Elsevier Carrier J, Musick J, and Heithaus M (eds.) (2004) The Biology of Sharks and their Relatives Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Carrier J, Musick J, and Heithaus M (eds.) (2010) Sharks and their Relatives II Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology and Conservation Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Helfman GS (2007) Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources Washington, DC: Island Press Helfman GS and Collette BB (2011) Fishes: The Animal Answer Guide Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press Helfman GS, Collette BB, Facey DE, and Bowen B (2009) The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology, 2nd edn Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell Jelks HL, Walsh SJ, Burkhead NM, et al (2008) Conservation status of imperiled North American freshwater and diadromous fishes Fisheries 33(8): 372–407 Kottelat M and Freyhof J (2007) Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes Cornol, Switzerland: Publications Kottelat Moyle PB and Cech JJ (2004) Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 5th edn Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Nelson JS (2006) Fishes of the World, 4th edn Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Paxton JR and Eschmeyer WN (eds.) (1998) Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2nd edn San Diego, CA: Academic Press