580 Land-Use Patterns, Historic Figure 13 Churchyards have a range of habitats from old grassland (important for reptiles and amphibians) to the stone and brick surfaces of the boundary wall, tombstones, and the church itself (lichens) and the thatched or tiled roof (bryophytes, flowering plants) Rockland St Peter, Norfolk shade – all these were favored by the mosaic of historical landuses, but not by what has replaced them Land abandonment does not re-create wildwood (wildwood either as it was before human intervention or as it would be by now had that intervention never happened) It tends to produce uniform expanses of even-aged, densely shading trees: the herbaceous plants of grassland, field edges, etc., disappear without being replaced by woodland herbs In Mediterranean Europe, where secondary forest often consists of fire-adapted trees, the effect is a recurrent cycle of fires, which destroy whatever escaped the increasing shade Many conservationists disapprove of goats, but the consequence of removing goats is usually to convert a browsing-dominated landscape into a fire-dominated one (Figure 14) Land-use has become polarized: for example, land is now either forest or pasture but not both Most of rural Japan, for example, is forest, and the remainder is intensively cultivated rice fields The forests are now little used, and within them are the remains of many historic ecosystems: coppice woods,