xvi Subject Classification Identifying Conservation Priorities Using a Return on Investment Analysis Impact of Ecological Restoration on Ecosystem Services Impact of Extreme and Infrequent Events on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity Indirect Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biofuels Land-Use Issues Market Economy and Biodiversity Modeling Marine Ecosystem Services Modeling Terrestrial Ecosystem Services Pharmacology, Biodiversity and Poverty and Biodiversity Property Rights and Biodiversity The Value of Biodiversity Tourism, Role of Valuing Ecosystem Services Water Funds: A New Ecosystem Service and Biodiversity Conservation Environmental Conditions and Effects Acid and Mercury Deposition Effects on Forest and Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems Air Pollution Atmospheric Gases Carbon Cycle Climate Change: Anticipating and Adapting to the Impacts on Terrestrial Species Climate Change and Ecology, Synergism of Climate Change and Extinctions Climate Change and Wild Species Climate, Effects of Desertification Disturbance, Mechanisms of Economic Growth and the Environment Ecotoxicology El Nin˜o and Biodiversity Energy Flow and Ecosystems Environmental Ethics Eutrophication and Oligotrophication Evolution in Response to Climate Change Fires, Ecological Effects of Grazing, Effects of Greenhouse Effect Impact of Past Global Warming on Biodiversity Implications of Urbanization for Conservation and Biodiversity Protection Insecticide Resistance Marine and Aquatic Communities, Stress from Eutrophication Marine Conservation in a Changing Climate Nitrogen, Nitrogen Cycle Pesticides, Use and Effects of Plant Phenology Changes and Climate Change Priority Setting for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Soil Biota, Soil Systems, and Processes Stress, Environmental Ultraviolet Radiation Evolution Adaptation Adaptive Radiation Biodiversity, Evolution and Biodiversity, Origin of Complementarity Darwin, Charles (Darwinism) Defenses, Ecology of Dormancy and Diapause Eukaryotes, Origin of Evolution, Theory of Evolution in Response to Climate Change Fossil Record Geologic Time, History of Biodiversity in Life History, Evolution of Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms Phylogeny Plant Communities, Evolution of Residents and Transients in the Fossil Record Storage, Ecology of Extinctions Comparing Extinction Rates: Past, Present, and Future Dinosaurs, Extinction Theories for Endangered Ecosystems Endangered Freshwater Invertebrates Endangered Mammals Endangered Marine Invertebrates Endangered Plants Extinction, Causes of Extinction in the Fossil Record Global Declines of Amphibians Latent Extinctions – the Living Dead Loss of Biodiversity, Overview Mammals (Late Quaternary), Extinctions of Mass Extinctions, Concept of Mass Extinctions, Notable Examples of Modern Examples of Extinctions Museums and Institutions, Role of Natural Extinctions (Not Human Influenced) Residents and Transients in the Fossil Record