-We May Have Profitable Commerce And Trade Together-- An Analysis

University of Massachusetts Boston ScholarWorks at UMass Boston Graduate Masters Theses Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses 8-2020 “We May Have Profitable Commerce And Trade Together”: An Analysis of 17th-Century Ceramics in Plymouth Colony Elizabeth G Tarulis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umb.edu/masters_theses Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons “WE MAY HAVE PROFITABLE COMMERCE AND TRADE TOGETHER”: AN ANALYSIS OF 17TH-CENTURY CERAMICS IN PLYMOUTH COLONY A Thesis Presented by ELIZABETH G TARULIS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2020 Historical Archaeology Program © 2020 by Elizabeth Tarulis All rights reserved “WE MAY HAVE PROFITABLE COMMERCE AND TRADE TOGETHER”: AN ANALYSIS OF 17TH-CENTURY CERAMICS IN PLYMOUTH COLONY A Thesis Presented by ELIZABETH TARULIS Approved as to style and content by: Christa M Beranek, Research Scientist Chairperson of Committee David B Landon, Associate Director Member Stephen A Mrozowski, Professor Member _ David B Landon, Program Director Historical Archaeology Program _ Stephen W Silliman, Chairperson Department of Anthropology ABSTRACT “WE MAY HAVE PROFITABLE COMMERCE AND TRADE TOGETHER”: AN ANALYSIS OF 17TH-CENTURY CERAMICS IN PLYMOUTH COLONY August 2020 Elizabeth G Tarulis, B.A., Cornell University M.A., University of Massachusetts Boston Directed by Dr Christa M Beranek This thesis analyzes the formation of early English colonial trade networks through an examination of three Plymouth Colony sites Although Plymouth Colony has been studied extensively by both historians and archaeologists, materials from the original settlement have only recently been identified by University of Massachusetts, Boston archaeologists at Burial Hill in downtown Plymouth, Massachusetts This thesis compares the 17th-century ceramics from Burial Hill (1620-c 1660) to two homesteads established later by Plymouth colonists, the Alden First Home Site and the Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site A minimum number of vessels (MNV) was established for each site and the country of origin was established for each vessel to determine the origin of consumer goods, specifically ceramics, in Plymouth Colony These vessels were then divided up into “English” and “foreign” categories, and a iv chi-square analysis was conducted to determine whether the composition of ceramics was significantly different at Burial Hill than at the later two sites By comparing a site that likely pre-dates the implementation of most of the Navigation Acts (1651, 1660) to two sites that continue decades after their passage, it is possible to determine whether there was a significant effect on Plymouth’s trade The results of this analysis demonstrate that the difference between Burial Hill, the Alden First Home Site, and the Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site with respect to proportions of English to Foreign vessels is not statistically significant This suggests that the percentage of foreign vessels did not significantly change over time In addition, there were more English and foreign ware types found at the later sites than at Burial Hill Combined with documentary evidence, this indicates that the Plymouth colonists were skirting regulations and establishing their own personal and intercolonial trade networks, even as the English government tried to limit them v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the help and support I received from a variety of people I would first like to thank Christa Beranek for her patience and guidance throughout this process, along with my other committee members, David Landon and Stephen Mrozowski I would also like to thank John Steinberg, Melody Henkel, and Dennis Piechota I am grateful to Desiree Mobed and the Alden Kindred of America, as well as Kathryn Ness, Jade Luiz, and Plimoth Plantation, for allowing me access to their collections Thanks also to Sarah Carr for her assistance throughout the cataloging process Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family, and especially my spouse, Kirk Tarulis Thank you for always being there, and for encouraging me to keep going This project has been made possible by two major grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this thesis not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xi CHAPTER Page INTRODUCTION Chapter Outline HISTORICAL BACKGROUND History of Plymouth Colony Burial Hill Site Alden First Home Site 10 The Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site (C-21) 13 Economic Background 18 CERAMIC ANALYSIS 22 Ceramic Studies of 17th-Century New England 22 Burial Hill Assemblage 23 The Alden First Home Site Assemblage 24 The Allerton/Prence/Cushman Assemblage 24 Ware Type Analysis 27 RESULTS 67 vii CHAPTER Page DISCUSSION 77 Acquisition of English Goods 77 Acquisition of Foreign Goods 79 Colonial Smuggling 82 Conclusion 89 APPENDICES A SHERD COUNT FOR 17TH CENTURY WARE TYPES 91 B BURIAL HILL VESSEL LIST 92 C ALDEN FIRST HOME SITE VESSEL LIST 93 D ALLERTON/PRENCE/CUSHMAN VESSEL LIST 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1: Map of Massachusetts Showing Research Area 2: Map with Locations of the Burial Hill Site, the Alden First Home Site, and the Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site 3: Photo of the Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site courtesy of Plimoth Plantation 17 4: Two distinct rims originally identified as V28, Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site 34 5: Cistercian Sherds, Alden First Home Site 35 6: Close-up of Cistercian Paste 36 7: Reconstructed Iberian Storage Jar, Alden First Home Site 39 8: Unglazed Midlands Purple (V9), Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site 40 9: North Devon Sgraffito Flatware (V5), Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site 45 10: North Italian Marbled Slip (V36), Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site 45 11: North Midlands Hollowware with Reverse Slip (V2), Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site47 12: Sherd from Vessel 19 Showing Fine-Grained Design, Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site 47 13: Italian Tin-Glazed Vessel (V29), Allerton/Prence/Cushman Site 55 ix 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 West of England Type D Unidentified Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Flatware Flatware Flatware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 42 Redware Hollowware 43 Redware Hollowware 44 Redware Hollowware 45 Redware Hollowware 46 Redware Hollowware 47 48 49 50 51 52 Hollowware Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware 94 Hollowware Hollowware Bowl Candlestick Candlestick Lid Milk Pan Mug Pan Pan Pitcher Pot/Butter Pot Pot/Butter Pot Pot/Butter Pot Pot/Butter Pot Pot/Butter Pot Pot/Butter Pot Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified 32cm 22cm 30cm ?????? 28cm 20cm 15cm 28cm 16cm APPENDIX D ALLERTON/PRENCE/CUSHMAN VESSEL LIST1 Original Vessel# 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ware Type Redware North Midlands-Type Slip Redware Redware North Devon Sgraffito North Devon Sgraffito North Devon Sgraffito North Devon GravelFree Midlands Purple Rhenish Brown Westerwald Westerwald Westerwald Westerwald Westerwald Westerwald Rhenish Brown Rhenish Brown North Midlands-Type Slip Rhenish Brown Rhenish Brown Rhenish Brown Rhenish Brown Rhenish Brown Rhenish Brown Border Ware Border Ware Border Ware Vessel Category Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Flatware Unknown Hollowware Unknown Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Vessel Form Pot Milk Pan Rim Diameter MNV 36cm Mug? 10cm Mug or jug 10cm Bartmann ~6cm ~9cm Bartmann Bartmann Pipkin Porringer Pipkin 16-18cm 12-16cm 12cm In keeping with Plimoth Plantation’s policies, all ceramics which had previously been assigned a vessel retained their original vessel numbers, and no new numbers were assigned Although the vessel numbers were kept from an old vessel list, some of these did not meet the criteria for a vessel or included sherds from multiple vessels The “MNV” column shows how many vessels are represented by each vessel number 95 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Tin-Glazed, Italian Tin-Glazed, England Tin-Glazed, Unknown Tin-Glazed, Unknown Tin-Glazed, Unknown Tin-Glazed, Dutch Tin-Glazed, Unknown North Italian Marbled Slip Flatware Flatware Flatware Unknown Hollowware Hollowware Flatware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware North Devon GravelFree North Devon GravelFree North Devon GravelFree Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware 53 Redware Hollowware 54 55 56 Redware Redware Redware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 57 Redware Hollowware 58 Redware Hollowware 59 Redware Hollowware 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Saucer 14-16cm Large plate or charger Galley pot Cup 8cm Flatware Pot or Pipkin Pot Pitcher Milk Pan Pot Milk Pan 14cm 16cm 26cm 33cm 34cm Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 96 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Baluster Jar 12cm Milk Pan 30cm Milk Pan 32cm Milk Pan 30cm Pan or Milk Pan Milk Pan 34cm Jug Pot/Butter pot Pot/Butter pot 12-14cm Pan or Milk Pan Pan 16cm Pot/Butter pot 11cm Storage Vessel 17cm Storage Vessel 16cm 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 60 61 62 63 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 99 100 101 Redware Redware Redware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 97 Pan Cup 15cm 9cm Milk Pan >36cm Milk Pan 30cm Pot/Butter pot 15cm Pan or Milk Pan 17cm Cup Pan or Milk Pan Jar 8cm Bowl 17cm Drinking Vessel 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 102 103 Redware Redware Hollowware Hollowware 104 105 106 107 108 Redware Redware Redware Redware Redware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware Hollowware 109 110 111 112 Redware 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Alden and Standish until 1638, when he sold his land to Nathaniel Souther, who in turn left in 1649 However, Jim Baker suggests that the Holmes and Standish lots may have been the same (Beranek... many as could went to work on the hill where we purposed to build our platform for our ordnance, and which doth command all the plan and the bay, and from whence we may see far into the sea, and