The thesis some problems of using infinitive and gerund THANH HOA EDUCATION AND TRAINING SERVICE LE HOAN HIGH SCHOOL THE INITIATIVE EXPERIENCE THE THESIS SOME PROBLEMS OF USING INFINITIVE AND GERUND A[.]
THANH HOA EDUCATION AND TRAINING SERVICE LE HOAN HIGH SCHOOL THE INITIATIVE EXPERIENCE THE THESIS SOME PROBLEMS OF USING INFINITIVE AND GERUND Author: Le Thi Hoe Occupation: Teacher Field (Subject): Foreign language THANH HOA YEAR 2017 SangKienKinhNghiem.net CONTENT PART I INTRODUCTION I.1 The reason for choosing the thesis I.2 Objectives I.3 Participants I.4 Methods of study I.5 New idea of this thesis PART II CONTENT II.1 The theoritical matters II.2 The realities of matter before applying this method Some problems of using infinitive and gerund 2.1 The confusion between the infinitive and gerund 2.2 The confusion between the bare infinitive and full infinitive with to 2.3 Choosing the gerund or the infinitive after “to” 2.4 The confusion of using the pro(noun) between two verbs II.3 Suggested ways of solving pupils’ errors Present the use of infinitive and gerund 10 10 A Infinitive: full infinitive and bare infinitive 10 B Gerund 12 C Some verbs can be used both to-verb and verb-ing 13 3.2 Give some types of exercise 14 II.4 Result 15 SangKienKinhNghiem.net PART III CONCLUSION AND REQUEST Conclusion 17 Request 18 References 19 SangKienKinhNghiem.net PART I- INTRODUCTION I.1 The reason for choosing the thesis: As you know, English language has become an international language by virtue of the political and economic progress made by English speaking countries in the past 200 years It is now mainly used in communicating in most of aspects such as: airports, international business, international conferences, science, technology, medicine, international competitions, email, mass of media .in the world With the trend of integrating, Vietnam has been promoting their abilities in all aspects Therefore, in education, Vietnam really pays attention to teaching and learning English all schools in Vietnamese education system English is also becomes a chore subject in national educational system From those, we see the importance of teaching and learning English in the development and integration of our country In Vietnam, nowadays, students begin to learn English at primary school In high school, they continue the teaching program from primary school to secondary school They learn English with different skills to continue improving their skills and knowledge Furthermore, they also prepare the best knowledge for their most examination of graduating or use the knowledge for higher education Being an English teacher, I know the importance of English with my students, so I try to find out the best methods in teaching English for them, In our school system, English is both different and characteristic subject It makes students curious and passionate For many learners, English as a foreign language, they have to face up with many problems That is because each language has its own characteristic features (especially on grammar) Moreover, their first language easily influences learners For vietnamese pupils, because English is an inflectional language, whereas Vietnamese is an isolating and analytic one That causes problems for Vietnamese pupils to use the language, due to constructions which not have the exact equivalents to the ones in Vietnamese That makes them to choose which to use Example: He wants her go out for a walk He enjoys to play football These sentences seem correct, but in fact, they are wrong we can rewrite correct form of them: He wants her to go out for a walk He enjoys playing football In English grammar, it is a big problem which forms of verbs We should choose to use in order to be appropriate to each circumstance The most complicated problem that pupils usually face up with is the confusion between the basic form of verb (to- verb) and the participle form (v-ing) Because, many SangKienKinhNghiem.net verbs, adjectives and some nouns can be followed by one or other of these forms My above simple analyses has shown complexity in using the infinitive or gerund Of course there is still more complexity about this I myself have made a survey of ideas of the difficult parts in English grammar As an English teacher, I find it necessary and interesting to gain a better understanding of the infinitive and the ing-participle in English grammar For all the reasons above I have decided to concentrate on doing this subject With the thesis I hope that I will cotribute my little experience to help my students like and improve the grammar in the next courses I.2 Objectives: When teaching English to students in the grade 10 a5 at Le Hoan high school I found out that grammar stage is important and it also effects students' results, so I decided to carry out this thesis The above reasons show that the uses of the infinitive and gerund need more detailed study with this trend: It is aimed at: Firstly, I want to helpVietnamese learners understand the usages of the infinitive and gerund when they are used in communication and its equivalents in Vietnamese Secondly, I want to give some suggestions for teaching the infinitive and gerund at high school to help learners leave out their errors in the process of learning English Besides, I want to create my own experiences which are useful and necessary for my teaching The experiences will be used in next courses and bring out the good results in my job Moreover, I also want to cotribute my own experiences in teaching English grammar at Le Hoan high school Last but not least, Based on the results of this action research, some changes and new methods could be applied in teaching I.3 Participants: The subjects chosen for the research include 45 students in the class 10A5 at Le Hoan High School with the survey questionnaires The research was carried out in the first term of the academic year 2016-2017 at Le Hoan High School I.4 Methods of the study The study bases on teacher's main activities: teaching time in the class, analysis and presenting The data is collected by sets of questionnaires Some were set before using the methods and others were set after using the ones Other sources of data come from grammar tasks from the textbooks The analysis of data hopefully will bring about reliable findings useful for the teaching grammar to students at Le Hoan High School SangKienKinhNghiem.net I.5 New idea of this thesis: Discovered the problems of using to verb and verb-ing of students in grade 10 a5 at Le Hoan high school PART II - COTENTS OF STUDY II.1 The theoretical matters: In every language, the verb (V) plays the most important role among the units: S, V, O, C and A in forming the construction of sentences The verb is considered as a part of speech denoting an action, a process, a state or expressing an idea or emotion, the being of person or thing in the universe Vietnamese learners usually face to the interference and influence of mother tongue when learning English, especially they are often influenced Vietnamese grammar So, when translating a sentence from Vietnamese into English, they use their previous mother tongue experience as a means of organizing the second language data They not master the nature of matter, but only translate word by word As a result, they make mistakes easily Moreover, mistakes are often caused by lack of intention, carelessness of learners even they knew the rules of grammar what they are doing II.2 The realities of problems before applying this method For students at Le Hoan High School, most of them are students living in the countryside When they were small, they were lack of knowledge of English language because in their family, few people know about this language This has a great influence on the children Students are not aware of the importance of it Even if, most of students are short of the basic knowledge of English After that, when entering high schools, students have to learn English with giving tests and marks, many of them are afraid And many students usually cope with Students have some problems in using the infinitive and gerund such as: ** Some problems of using the infinitive and gerund to Vietnamese pupils Vietnamese is an isolating and analytic language, whereas English is an inflectional one Vietnamese verbs remain unchanged in any cases whereas English verbs forms are various Ex: For Vietnamese: + Tơi muốn ngồi (Similar to: I want to go out ) + Anh thích hát (Similar to: He enjoys singing ) In Vietnamese, we only use one form of verb analogous to the English to verb both in the contexts in which English use the infinitive and in other contexts in which English would use a gerund It is difficult for Vietnamese SangKienKinhNghiem.net pupils to predict which form is likely to follow which verb That is why it is not surprising that learners sometimes make mistakes The following are some errors that they often commit 2.1.The confusion between the infinitive and the gerund It is a big problem that Vietnamese pupils may meet because many reasons: one form is grammatically correct Both of these forms are grammatically correct a Verbs taking only one form: - There are many verbs that make pupils confuse because they are the same meaning, but not follow the same partner Ex: Pupils usually use the verb: "advise" with a pronoun/noun and a to infinitive after it - When they take the verb "suggest" which is similar in meaning to "advise" They also use "to - infinitive" construction, as in the following sentence: + He suggests us to get up early in the morning This sentence is grammatically wrong It must be: + He suggests us getting up early in the morning Or He suggests that we should get up early in the morning *Some verbs when they are used without a pronoun or noun, they must be followed by a gerund, whereas when they are used with a pronoun or noun, the infinitive must be used here with the same meaning.(ex: intend, advise, encourage, allow, forbid, permit, recommend ) Ex: + She advised waiting until tomorrow + She advised him to wait until tomorrow * Some verbs such as: like, love, hate, prefer can be followed by either: infinitive or gerund In fact, they are often used with the gerund, whereas would like, would love, would prefer, would hate normally takes a to infinitive Many pupils not recognize the difference between "like" and "would like" They use the gerund after "would like" in such a sentence: Ex: + I would like eating sweets This sentence is grammatically incorrect The correct sentence is: + I would like to eat sweets Some students make mistakes with these verbs: "would like" and" would mind" in the structure: Would you like + gerund ? And would you mind + to infinitive ? It must be: Would you like + to infinitive ? And would you mind + gerund ? b With verbs taking both of the two forms: SangKienKinhNghiem.net Any of English verbs can be followed by either gerund or infinitive With some verbs, the choice of which of these forms is not a problem However, the choice of the gerund or infinitive may be difference in meaning Pupils, who are not aware of the difference between the two cases, may be easy to make mistakes Ex: A student promised his friend that he would call his last night, but in fact, he did not call her: He says: + I forgot ringing you last night This sentence is grammatically correct However, in this situation he can not use "ringing", instead, he must use "to ring" It must be: + I forgot to ring you last night Because he did not call her last night, he must use the second sentence If he uses the first sentence, it means that: last night he called her * Some adjectives and nouns can be followed a to infinitive: Ex: She is afraid to swim But when these adjectives and nouns are followed by prepositions, they must be followed by a gerund not to infinitive Ex: she is afraid of swimming Usually, the meaning in this case will be changed Many pupils are not aware of the difference so that they fail to use the correct form that suits to their intention 2.2 The confusion between the bare infinitive and to infinitive * Some verbs as: would like, would prefer take to infinitive While would rather, rather than take a bare infinitive They may create a sentence: + I would prefer to stay at home rather than go out with them Someone may produce a wrong sentence: + I would rather to stay at home than go out with them The use of "to stay" here is grammatically incorrect It must be: + I would rather stay at home than go out with them * Some verbs, in active sentences, they are followed by the bare infinitive while in passive ones, they are followed by to infinitive Ex: To make: Active sentence: The teacher makes me all the homework again Passive sentence: I am made all the homework again It is wrong It must be: I am made to all the home work again * Pupils tend to use the bare infinitive after pronoun or nouns of verbs of which they require to infinitive Some verbs as: ask, want, promise, need, intend SangKienKinhNghiem.net Ex: Instead of creating such sentences: + I promise her to give her a gift + She reminds me to morning exercises They may produce such wrong sentences + I promise her give her a gift + She reminds me morning exercises * One minor problem is that although the modal verbs like: can, may, must, will, shall are followed by a bare infinitive (not to infinitive) Many pupils use them as ordinary verbs This is to say: They use to infinitive verbs after these modal verbs Ex: + I can not to sing well This sentence is grammatically wrong It must be: + I can not sing well 2.3 Choosing the gerund or the infinitive after "to" "To" is either a preposition or a part of to infinitive It is a part of to infinitive in: I afford to buy a new car When being used a preposition, It precedes as (pro)noun or a gerund Some of expressions that "to" plays as a preposition: look forward to, face up to, resort to, be used to close to, be accustomed to Pupils tend to consider "to" as a part of the to infinitive so that they use the infinitive after the word "to" This is the mistake that the pupils often make sentences: Ex: + I am looking forward to hear from you This sentence is grammatically wrong, because "to" in this case is a preposition so we must use the gerund after it It must be: + I am looking forward to hearing from you Some pupils may create wrong sentence: + I prefer riding to walk In this case, we must also use the gerund It must be: + I prefer riding to walking 2.4 The confusion of using the (pro)nouns between two verbs: Some verbs when used with the to- infinitive can take the optional (pro)nouns They often cause problems However, there are verbs which require a compulsory (pro)noun before an infinitive The facts that pupils tend to use these verbs without a (pro)noun Ex: +They invite to go out for lunch This sentence is grammatically incorrect It must be: +They invite me to go out for lunch SangKienKinhNghiem.net There are some errors that pupils often commit when learning English, especially pupils in high schools It is better to find out some ways of overcoming this problem Through teaching in class 10 A5, I gave them a fifteen minutes test and forty minutes at the end of October, school year 2016-2017 with result: In a fifteen minutes test consists of sentences about infinitive and gerund with total mark of sentences is marks Test 15 minutes about infinitive and gerund Number Full name Trinh Thi Ngoc Anh Mark 1,5 Le Thi Ha Mai Khanh Huyen Trinh Huu Quan Do Van Tan Nguyen Thu Trang 0,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 1,5 Test 45 minutes about infinitive and gerund In a forty minutes test consists of 10 sentences about infinitive and gerund with total mark of 12 sentences is marks Number Full name Trịnh Thi Ngọc Anh Le Thi Ha Mai Khanh Huyen Trinh Huu Quan Do van Tan Nguyen Thu Trang Mark 2,5 0,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 2,0 With low results above, I always give students tests about infinitive and gerund below multiple choice, correct mistakes, supply the correct form of verbs and then explain carefully for each choice in order that students can understand and use correctly Besides that, I always look for the methods to teach students the basic ways to recognize, classify and remember II.3 Suggested ways of solving pupils' errors We make mistakes because we have not understood that problem clearly or we misunderstand that problem So that mistake should not occur if we make out the problem correctly and clearly and we make the correct instructions become automatic and habitual 10 SangKienKinhNghiem.net To help pupils use the infinitive or gerund correctly, the teacher should implement the following activities 3.1 Presents the uses of the infinitive and gerund correctly, points out and explains the differences between full infinitive with to, bare infinitive and the gerund in order to help pupils distinguish them A INFINITIVE A1 Full infinitive: with "to": * * Function is a subject and set at the beginning of the sentence Ex: To go by train is not dangerous * * Function is an objective set the following positions - Follow to be Ex: My greatest dream is to become a good doctor - Follow adjectives + to + verb Adjectives are: afraid, anxious, ashamed, dangerous, difficult, good, pleased Ex: + John is anxious to see his family Or + It is dangerous to drive in this weather - Follow wh-questions: verb +how/what/when/where/which/why + to verb Ex: + He discovered how to open the safe Or + She could not think what to say - Follow the following verbs: * S + Verbs + To-infinitive Verbs are: agree, aim, determine, pretend, proceed, fail, promise, arrange, prove, refuse, attempt, hesitate, tend, demand, manage, threaten, afford, plan, vow, neglect, choose, bother, hope, desire, expect, trouble, want, wish or be about, one's best, make up one's mind Ex: + He did not bother to answer personally Or + He is just about to leave * S + Verbs + object + to -infinitive Verbs are: advise, allow, command, encourage, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, urge Ex: + He advised me to see the doctor Or + My mother does not allow me to stay up late at night - In the sentence which has the word: the first, the last, or the only we use to-verb Ex: He was the first man to leave the burning house - Follow structures: It + adjectives + (of/ for + object) + to - verb Ex: + It was kind of you to help him Or + It is only fair for him to have a chance Pronoun + be + adjective + noun + to- verb Ex: It was a sensible precaution to take 11 SangKienKinhNghiem.net Subject + feel/find/consider + it + adjective + to- verb Ex: I find it difficult to use the computer It takes somebody + time + to- verb Ex: It takes me an hour to homework - To be demonstration, purpose, results: enough/ save money/ Ex: The house, to be demolished, is very old She has nothing to eat - To form absolute phrases: To tell the truth; to cut a long short hair Ex: To tell the truth, she was a real liar - To form exclamation: Ex: To think she met with such a death! Oh! To be young again! A2 Bare infinitive without "to" - Follow ordinary verbs (do/does/did) and modal verbs (can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ will/ would/ ) Ex: + She does not go to school Or + Peter can sing well - Follow the following verbs: see, hear, touch, listen, watch, look, taste, notice Ex: + we saw him leave the house (Mean that: I saw the whole action) Or + I saw him changing their wheel.(Could mean that: I saw only a part of action) - Follow especially verbs: make, let, help, bid Ex: Let me it for you Or: S + do/ does +anything/ nothing/ + but/ except + bare infinitive Ex: There is nothing to except wait Or: My dog does anything but speak - Follow phrases: would rather/ sooner, rather/sooner than, had better + bare infinitive Ex: "You had better start at once ", he said Or: Shall we go today? - I would rather wait till tomorrow - Follow purpose phrases: S + V + in order to/ so as to/to + bare infinitive Ex: Tom studies hard so as to pass the exam - Use in imperative sentence Ex: Open the book, please! - Use in another structures: have someone verb something or would rather verb something than verb something Ex: He had Peter repair his bike yesterday Or I would rather stay at home than go out with him B GERUND * * Function is a subject and set at the beginning of the sentence 12 SangKienKinhNghiem.net Ex: Learning English is not easy * * Function is an objective and set the following positions - Follow prepositions: on, in, at, of Ex: After hearing the rulers of the competition, he refused to participate in - Follow some verbs such as: admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, postpone, resume, finish, delay, deny, enjoy, recall, suggest, escape, love, like, resist, mention, mind, practice, quit, imagine, tolerate, involve, keep, mention, Ex: She practices speaking English everyday to improve her speaking skill - Follow idiom phrases: can't bear, can't help, can't stand, can't face, feel like, There is no point in , It is no use ,It is no good , It is (not) worth , have( difficult/trouble) , with a view to , Ex: It is no use worrying about it Or: My brother can't stand doing the same thing every day - Follow verb preposition: approve of, give up, complain of, depend on, lead to, put off, keep on, result in, object to, believe in, dream of, take to, apologize for Ex: My brother gave up smoking a few years ago - Follow adjective preposition : absorbed in, annoy at, careful in, interested in, responsible for, fond of, accustomed to, aware of, different from, proud of, sorry for, angry with, surprised in, excited about, thankful for, Ex: Tom is interested in watching cartoon films - Follow noun preposition: choice of, excuse for, intention of, reason for - Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs: Call, catch, find, leave, watch - Subjunctive subject "it" or noun phrases: S + find + it + V-ing Ex: He found the film annoying When/on/while/as + V-ing Ex: When opening the case, he found his lost notebook C SOME VERBS CAN BE USED BOTH TO- VERB AND V-ING * The different meaning: Stop + to - verb something.(Dừng lại để làm ) Stop + v-ing something (Dừng, bỏ không làm nữa) Ex : He stops to smoke He stops smoking Remember + to- verb something (Nhớ làm ) Remember + verb-ing something (Nhớ làm ) Ex: Please remember to turn the book tomorrow I remember putting my hat somewhere in this room, Forget + to- verb something (Quên làm ) Forget + v-ing something (Quên làm ) 13 SangKienKinhNghiem.net Ex: I am afraid he will forget to write to me I will never forget seeing him the first time Regret + to-verb something (Diễn tả hành động tại) Regret + v-ing something (Diễn tả hành động khứ) Ex: She regrets to tell you that you have fail the exam She regretted not asking her parents for advice Try + to -verb something (Cố gắng làm ) Try + v-ing something (Thử làm ) Ex: He tried to repair the motorbike He tried repairing the motorbike Like + v-ing something (thích làm thú vị,làm để thưởng thức) Like + to-verb something (thích làm vi tốt cần thiết) Ex: I like watching cartoon films I like to learn English because it helps me to get a job easier Go on + v-ing something (tiếp tục công việc dở) Go on + to-verb something (tiếp tục công việc mới) Ex: After taking a short rest, he went on working on his plot of land After leaving school, he goes on to work in a factory Used to + verb something (đã ) Be/get + used to + v-ing something (quen với ) Ex: John used to drive very well John is used to eating with chopsticks Need +to- verb something (Cần làm ) Need + v-ing something.(Cần làm) Ex: She needs to clean the floor The floor needs cleaning * The same meaning: - start/begin + to -verb/v-ing something (Bắt đầu làm ) Ex: The baby began to cry or The baby began crying.(The same meaning) - Some verbs as: intend, advise, forbid, allow, permit + to- verb/v-ing something (The same meaning).However, If there is no object after the above verbs, we will use gerund And, if there is an object after the above verbs, we will have to use to infinitive Ex: He advised buying that car He advised me to buy that car 3.2 Give pupils chances to practice by preparing some types of exercise that cover the areas of difficulty, pupils may commit errors when learning English Here are some exercises: Type1 Put the verbs in blankets into correct forms You need not (say) anything Let's invite him I am sure he would love (come) 14 SangKienKinhNghiem.net Will you help me (move) this table? I will remember (pick) you up at the airport Key: to say, to come, move / to move, to pick Type2 Rewrite these sentences using the infinitive beginning your answer as suggested They believe that he is honest He I was rude to him, which was stupid It His friends expect that he will pass the exam He is expected It is likely that she will take part in this competition She is Key: He is believed to be honest It was too stupid for me to be rude to him He is expected to pass the exam Type Decide whether "to" is a preposition or a part of an infinitive Then complete the following sentences He becomes very close to (win) a gold medal in that competition Hard work is the key to (pass) .the exam She is looking forward to (meet) her parents It is sleeping late in the morning that leads to (be) late for work Key: winning, pass, meeting, being Type Combine two sentences using: too/enough/so with an infinitive It is very cold He can not go out He is very selfish He never puts himself out for anyone The ceiling is very high We can not touch it He is lazy He will not get up early Key: It is too cold for him to go out He is so selfish that he never puts himself out for anyone The ceiling is not low enough for us to touch He is too lazy to get up early Type Translate into English Tham vọng cô trở thành ca sĩ tiếng 15 SangKienKinhNghiem.net Anh quên mượn sách Họ quen với việc dạy muộn Chị tơi ln nhớ khóa cửa trước ngồi Key: Her ambition is to become a famous singer He forgot borrowing that book They are used to getting up late My sister always remembers to lock the door before going out Type Multiple choice I had difficult way to solve the situation A find B finding C to find D finds They not allow in the auditorium A smoking B smoke C to smoke D smoked I not mind walking home but I would rather a taxi A get B getting C to get D gets There are people who can't stand when they see someone on a banana skin A laugh/ slip B to laugh/ slip C laughing/ slipping D laughing/ slip Key: B, A, A, C Type 7: Correct mistakes: We regret informing you that the meeting has been cancelled He is absent-minded He always forgets locking the door There is too much noise Can you all stop to talk, please? He does not allow us smoking in his house Key: Informing - to inform Locking - to lock To talk - talking Smoking - to smoke II.4 Results: Through teaching this thesis for many years is in short of material facilities without technology equipment and reference documents By applying the above rules, analyzing exactly and showing the situations which students make mistakes easily, I find that it has some advantages: Students can remember and distinguish easily - It is true with modern methodology grammar - Students can use in communication very well - The specific result of the students above at the end of the first term is: Test 15 minutes about to-verb and v-ing 16 SangKienKinhNghiem.net Number Full name Trinh Thi Ngoc Anh Le Thi Ha Mai Khanh Huyen Trinh Huu Quan Do Van Tan Nguyen Thu Trang Mark(total 3) 2,75 1.5 2,5 1,5 0,75 2,5 Test 45 minutes about to-verb and v-ing In a forty minutes test consists of 10 sentences about to-verb and verb -ing with total mark of 12 sentences is marks Number Full name Trinh Thi Ngoc Anh Le Thi Ha Mai Khanh Huyen Trinh Huu Quan Do Van Tan Nguyen Thu Trang Mark(total 4) 3,5 2,5 3,0 1,5 1,0 3,25 PART III - CONCLUSION AND REQUEST III.1 Conclusion All I have mentioned above is what I want to discuss some errors that pupils usually have problems Besides that, I have introduced the uses of the infinitive and gerund exactly so that students can remember, distinguish and use easily To have an effective lesson, the teacher needs to prepare materials and teaching aids such as: posters, visual things, pictures Although I have studied carefully this topic, I still have shortcoming I hope that the leaders and the colleagues will give me more constructive feedback and experiences III.2 Request The goal of learning a language is to gain communicative competence However, you can not use words unless you know how they should be put together In the past, when teaching a language, teacher used to concentrate on teaching grammar Grammar was the major subject However, they were not successful, because many pupils who knew the structures very well but they 17 SangKienKinhNghiem.net continued to break them when they were confusing their attention on meaning interaction rather than on the application of grammatical Nowadays, people adapt a new approach of teaching and learning That is " The Communicative Approach " Grammar is no longer considered as the center In teaching grammar, in order to help Vietnamese learners avoid making mistakes as above when teaching the verb "to-infinitive and verb-ing": * To teachers: Firstly, Teachers should use "The Communicative Approach " It relates the language we teach to the way in which language is used It also can expose pupils to examples of natural language rather than materials Using its approach will make pupils have their own ability of transferring linguistic communicatively Secondly, Teachers should not bring the principle and then ask pupils to make examples following the structures * To students: Students need to learn by heart the structures, practice and exercises carefully Lastly, I thank for your listening Confirmed by the teacher Thanh Hoa, date 15/5/2017 I assure that this experience idea is mine, not copied the other person's content DO THANH NAM LE THI HOE 18 SangKienKinhNghiem.net REFERENCES English References Alexander, L.G, Longman English Grammar, Longman 1998 Murphy, R, English Grammar in Use, Oxford University Press, 2000 Thomson, A,J & Martinet, A,V,A Practical English Grammar Advanced Language Grammar (Michael vince) Vietnamese References Sách giáo khoa tiếng anh 10,11,12 NXB Giáo Dục Sách ôn thi tốt nghiệp tiếng anh.NXB Giáo Dục Sách tập tiếng anh Mai Lan Hương, Nguyễn Thanh Loan Sách giáo viên tiếng anh, Hoàng Văn Vân, Hoàng Thị Xuân Hoa, Đỗ Tuấn Minh, Nguyễn Thu Phương, Nguyễn Quốc Tuấn 19 SangKienKinhNghiem.net ... method Some problems of using infinitive and gerund 2.1 The confusion between the infinitive and gerund 2.2 The confusion between the bare infinitive and full infinitive with to 2.3 Choosing the gerund. .. tests and marks, many of them are afraid And many students usually cope with Students have some problems in using the infinitive and gerund such as: ** Some problems of using the infinitive and gerund. .. understand the usages of the infinitive and gerund when they are used in communication and its equivalents in Vietnamese Secondly, I want to give some suggestions for teaching the infinitive and gerund