798 INDEX Variscides Orogeny (continued) Ivrea Zone, Italy 2:100 magmatism 2:96f, 2:97 North German Basin 2:97, 2:99-100, 2:101f Oslo Rift 2:97, 2:101 f petrogenesis 2:99 Saar-Nahe Basin 2:96, 2:97, 2:98-99, 2:101f Variscan internides 2:98 volcanic centres 2:101 f western/central Europe 2:102 Silurian 2:78 Suess, Eduard 2:238 tectonic processes 2:76f, 2:79, 2:80f, 2:81f Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) 3:652f, 5:455 ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks 5:538 western Europe 2:80, 2:82f9 2:83f9 3:651 See also Hercynian Orogeny variscite 3.-50S/", 5:122 varved clays 1:562, l:S63f varves 4:554, 4:555f Vatulele4:118 Vaughn, Arthur 3:62 vauquelinite(Pb Cu(CrO )(PO )(OH)) 3:533* Vauquelin, Nicholas 3:178 veatchite-A (Sr4B22O37-7H2O) 3:513* vector data representation 4:421, 4:422f Veen,J der 3:192 vegetation angiosperms Acer trilobatum 2:419f Archaefructus liaoningensis 2:423f, 2:423-424 background information 2:418 cell structure 2:420f characteristics 2:418, 2:419f classification 2:419, 2:421f Cretaceous 3:370 diversification 2:424, 2:426f floral diversity 2:419f magnoliids 2:418, 2:419f origins 2:420, 2:422/ palaeolatitudes 2:426f Palmoxylon 2:420f pollen 2:418, 2:420-422, 2:424f, 2:426f pollen-feeding insects 2:426, 2:427f Parana oeningensis 2:420f Quercus 2:420f water lily 2:425f Antarctica 1:136, 1:139 biodiversity 1:262-263, 1:263 f C4 photosynthetic pathways 5:482, 5:483, 5:484, 5:491 Carboniferous 4:206f, 4:209, 4:209f catastrophic floods 4:629 China 1:353 conifers 4:206f9 4:209f Cordaites 4:206f, 4:209f Cretaceous 3:370, 3:370f Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary 3:382, 3:383f Devonian 4:194, 4:195f Eocene 5:469, 5:471 fossil plants 2:436-443 fungi Ascomycetes 2:437, 2:440-441 Basidiomycetes 2:437-438, 2:440-441 Chytridiomycetes 2:437, 2:438f9 2:439f fossil fungi 2:437 general discussion 2:436 Rhynie chert 2:437, 2:438f, 2:439f sporocarps 2:440-441 Zygomycetes 2:437, 2:440-441, 2:441-442 glossary information 2:442 lichens fossil lichens 2:441 hyphae 2:441-442 Nematophytes 2:441 Rhynie chert 2:441-442 symbiotic relationships 2:441 palaeopathology 4:160 geochemical analysis 3:618t Gondwana 3:348, 3:349f gymnosperms 2:443-454 Araucaria mirabilis 2:45'Of Araucarioxylon 2:448f Archaeopteris hibernica 2:445, 2:445f biodiversity 1:262-263, 1:263 f Carboniferous 1:262-263, 1:263 f characteristics 2:444 classification 2:444, 2:444t conifer phylogeny 2:448f Cretaceous 1:262-263, 1:263 f9 3:370 Cycadeoidea microphylla 2:453f definition 3:351 Elkinsia polymorpha 2:445, 2:446f general discussion 2:443 Ginkgo gardneri 2:452f Glossopteris 2:451f Jurassic 1:262-263, I:263f9 3:359 major groups Bennettitales 2:453, 2:453f Calamopityales 2:447 Callistophytales 2:449 Caytoniales 2:452, 2:452f Coniferales 2:450, 2:450f, 2:451f Cordaitales 2:449 Corystospermales 2:452 Cycadales 2:448, 2:449f Czekanowskiales 2:451 Ginkgoales 2:451, 2:452f Glossopteridales 2:450, 2:451 f Gnetales 2:453 Hydraspermales 2:447 Lyginopteridales 2:448 Medullosales 2:448, 2:449f Peltaspermales 2:452 Pentoxylales 2:452 Voltziales 2:449 Metasequoia 2:451 f Neuropteris heterophylla 2:447f origins 2:445 Pagiophyllum peregrynum 2:45If Permian 1:262-263, 1:263 f phylogenetic relationships 2:445'f Sagenopteris phillipsi 2:452f Triassic 1:262-263, 1:263 f Trigonocarpus parkinsoni 2:449f Walchia piniformis 2:447f Xenotheca devonica 2:446f Zamites gigas 2:453f Holocene 2:147, 2:149f, 2:152f, 2:153f, 2:155 f Jurassic 3:359 karst landscapes 4:683 Kyrgyzstan 1:167, l:168f Lycopods 4:206f9 4:209f Miocene 5:483 Oligocene 5:475 Palaeocene 5:463, 5:464 palynology background information 3:464 biostratigraphy 3:465 climate variability 3:465 interglacial pollen assemblages 3:467f Knoxisporites stephanephorus 3:464f palynological zonations 3:468f pre-Quaternary palynology 3:468 Quaternary 3:464 vegetation reconstructions 3:466f Permian I:186f9 4:217, 4:218f Permian-Triassic boundary 3:348, 3:349f, 4:220 Pleistocene 5:495 Pliocene 5:489, 5:491 Pteridosperms 4:206f9 4:209f slope stability studies 4:688 South-east Asia 1:178-182, l:186f Sphenopsids 4:206f, 4:209f tree ferns 4:206f, 4:209f Triassic 1:167, I:168f9 3:348, 3:349f Velfreyan substage 4:183f Vendian 4:371-381 background information 4:371 bioturbation 4:378 Caledonian Orogeny 2:73, 2:73f Cambrian Substrate Revolution 4:380 carbon isotopic ratios 4:379 chronostratigraphy 4:17Of East European Craton 2:36, 2:38f9 2:54f extinction events 4:379 fossil lichens 2:441 general discussion 4:350 geological events banded iron formations (BIFs) 4:372 carbonates 4:372 continent formation 4:371 glaciation 4:372 marine transgressions 4:372 glossary information 4:380 palaeobiological events death mask hypothesis 4:374 Ediacarans 4:373, 4:376*, 4:378f eukaryotes 4:372-373 general discussion 4:372 metacellularity 4:373, 4:376*