4 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY/Site Classification Table Elements of site characterization Construction works Design citeria Characterization Performance of foundation Stability of adjacent buildings Basements and parking spaces Lateral cuts for building space Recognition of groundwater Stability of adjacent structures Keep excavation free of water Floodworks integrity Optimal use of foundation geology to install minimum cost foundation Basements are an economic imperative in cities owing to the cost of land Construction Foundations Stability of excavations Drainage and dewatering Materials of construction Land takings Use on the project Export to urban areas Provide value to owner Construction control of water versus long term maintenance of groundwater and earthworks pore water Dealing with public opposition Preservation of water quality Possible mineral resource value Transportation Highways and rapid transit Airfields Tunnels and underground caverns Ports and harbours Navigable rivers Stable roadway Borrow for above ground works Balanced cut and fill Runway space Fuel storage Runoff and waste management Optimal excavation method Promote ground stability Ground control Management of groundwater Wave protection Operational wastes Floodworks and flood control Locks and dammed pools Sufficient to move traffic from A to B with minimal impact on existing infrastructure Huge land surfaces subject to incidental wastes from operation Anti terrorist considerations Consider spoil handling and disposal, and stability of overlying build environment Associated dredging may disturb historic contaminated sediment Associated dredging may disturb historic contaminated sediment Energy and resource Dams Pipelines Power transmission Forest resources Mineral resources Mineral beneficiation Reservoirs Groundwater recharge Foundation integrity Seismic withstand behaviour Slope stability Emergency spillways Route versus geological costs Erosion protection Seismic stability Stability of adjacent ground Mainly tower stability Slope stability Haul road location Potential hydraulic damage Minimize exploration damage Opencast Underground workings Concentrate ore value Wastewater effluent Reduce bottom leakage Sedimentation protection Shoreline protection Water quality Use of storm waters Use of treated wastewater Locate an inherently stable dam axis position Provide nearby construction materials Objective of minimal excavation, siphonage, and above ground support Anti terrorist considerations Minimize grubbing impacts Harvest the resource without diminishing the condition of the remaining land Minimize exploration damage Manage acid mine drainage Spoil management Protection of water and soil values Manage soil impacts Requires a considered evaluation of geomorphology and the primary and secondary porosities of geological units in contact with stored water Introduce flood and grey waters to the groundwater regime before their loss to oceans Environmental Waste disposal facility siting Water quality protection Minimize adverse impacts Optimize geological conditions Locate sufficient daily cover Suspended solids Dissolved solids Discharge into governed water Control of leachate Protection of water quality Cation exchange leads to degraded water quality (pollution), which can lead to health effects (contamination)