INDEX 745 plate tectonics (continued] hydrothermal activity 5:363f Japan 3:297, 3:298f mantle plumes (hotspots) 1:424, 4:348 mechanisms direct forces 4:349 mantle convection 4:348 plate velocities 4:349 morphology convergent plate boundaries 4:343f, 4:344 divergent plate boundaries 4:342, 4:343f, 4:344f, 5:374f, 5:429-430 transform plate boundaries 4:343, 4:343f, 4:345f, 5:429-430 motive forces 2:251 Nevadan orogeny 4:54 Oceania 4:109 ocean trenches 5:428-437 Oligocene 5:474 ore bodies l:440f Palaeocene 5:460 plate boundries 3:206f plate kinematics absolute plate motions 4:348, 4:348f Euler rotation poles 4:344, 4:346f relative plate motion 4:346, 4:347f propagating rifts 5:396-405 Russia 4:471, 4:472f South-east Asia 1:169, l:170f, 1:17If, l:172f southern Cordillera 4:50, 4:54, 4:59^ terranes 5:455 Wegener, Alfred 2:246, 2:247, 2:247f, 3:193 See also mountain-building processes platinum (Pt) natural occurrences 3:553£, 3:554, 3:585t partitioning behaviour 3:639t world production rates 1:43 8t Plato 3:168 Plato crater 5:267, 5:268f platy jointing 3:327-328 Platyrhinops 2:476f playa lakes See deserts; sabkhas Playfair, John 2:203, 5:542 play fairways 4:229 plays 4:229, 4:268, 4:269f, 4:295-296, 4:297f, 4:298f Pleistocene 5:493-499 amphibians 2:526 Anglian stage 5:496f archaeological sites 5:496f Australia, Phanerozoic 1:23 O/", 1:236 Aveley interglacial stage 5:496f background information 5:493 biodiversity 1:260-261 biostratigraphy 5:495 biota 5:495, 5:497f, 5:498f caves (endokarst) 5:497 Cromerian complex 5:496f Devensian stage 5:496f extinction events 5:497-498 Flandrian stage 5:496f geomagnetic polarity time-scale 3:332f glacial stages 5:496f glaciation 2:526, 4:131, 4:663 Global Standard Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) 5:506f Gunz stage 5:493 historical research 5:493, 5:496f Hoxnian stage 5:496f human activity 5:495, 5:496f Ice Age 5:493 interglacial pollen assemblages 3:467f International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS) 5:517 f Ipswichian stage 5:496f Kyrgyzstan 1:167 Lagerstatten 3:309 mammoths 5:498, 5:498f marine oxygen isotope record 5:496f Mindel stage 5:493 North American chronostratigraphy 4:25^ palaeoclimate 5:495 palaeogeography 5:496f Purfleet interglacial stage 5:496f reef environments 4:506f Riss stage 5:493 tektites 5:444, 5:445t Wurm stage 5:493 pleochroism 3:550 Plesiosauria 2:484, 2:506, 2:507f, 3:358 Plesiosaurus 2:506 Plesioteuthis 2:394 Pleurograptus linearis 4:179 Pleuromeia 3:348-349, 3:349f Pliensbachian stage 3:352t, 3:354f, 3:355, 5:506f,5:517f Plinian volcanoes 5:568t, 5:568f, 5:570t Pliny the Elder 3:168 Pliny the Younger 3:267-268 Pliocene 5:486-493 amphibians 2:524, 2:525, 2:526f Andes Mountains 1:126, 1:130 Antarctica 1:140 Arabia 1:142f, l:144f Atlantic Margin 4:99f, 4:104f Atlantic ocean currents 5:488f background information 5:486 Baltimore Canyon trough 4:104f biodiversity 1:260-261 biotic events American terrestrial biotic interchange 5:487t, 5:490 marine biotic interchange 5:487t, 5:491 marine trans-Arctic interchange 5:487t, 5:491 climate general discussion 5:487t, 5:489 glaciation 5:487t, 5:489 mid-Pliocene warming 5:487t, 5:489 geomagnetic polarity time-scale 3:332f Global Standard Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) 5:506f Gondwana 1:193 f Hominin diversification 5:487t, 5:491, 5:491 t,5:492f insects 2:299^ International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS) 5:517 f Lau Islands 4:120 New Zealand 4:2f, 4:7 North American chronostratigraphy 4:25f orbital forcing 5:487t palaeomagnetism 5:487t predation 4:145f punctuated equilibrium 1:269f South-east Asia 1:193 f stages Gelasian (upper Pliocene) 5:487, 5:487t,5:506f,5:517f Mediterranean region 5:486 Piacenzian (middle Pliocene) 5:486, 5:487t,5:506f,5:517f Zanclean (lower Pliocene) 5:486, 5:487t,5:506f,5:517f tectonic processes 5:487, 5:487t time-scale scaling concepts 5:516f Vanuatu 4:116 vegetation 5:489, 5:491 Pliosauria 3:358 Pliosaurus 2:506 plumose structures 5:361 Pluto 5:293, 5:293t, 5:294f plutons See granites Po basin 2:125, 2:126f9 2:128f, 2:134f9 3:654-656 Podocopa classification 3:453, 3:454t ecology 3:457 living examples 3:454f morphology 3:455f, 3:456f shell morphology 3:457/", 3:458f, 3:459f Stratigraphic ranges 3:460f Podolian Block 2:45, 2:45f Podolia, Ukraine 4:187f, 4:190 podzolization 5:195, 5:196f Pohlsepia mazonensis 2:395 point load strength test 1:575, l:576t, 1:57 6f Poisson's ratio 1:571-572 Poland 2:75, 5:506f Polar Ural Mountains 2:50f, 2:52 Polish Trough 2:96f, 2:101 f, 3:648-649 pollen angiosperms 2:418, 2:424, 2:424f, 2:426f forensic geology 2:270 microfossils 3:473 See also palynology pollucite 3:593t pollutants environmental geochemistry 2:21-25 acidification 2:23, 2:24f environmental restoration 2:23, 2:24t