792 INDEX thermohaline circulation 4:224, 4:514-515, 4:517f, 4:643-644, 5:464, 5:470-471, 5:489 thermokarst 2:13 Thermopylae, Greece 3:15f thermosphere 1:201 f Theron Mountains, Antarctica 1:136f Theropoda 2:494, 3:351f Thetford Mines ophiolite 4:82f, 4:84f Thiele, Johannes 2:383-384 Thomson, Charles W 5:70-71 thomsonite 3:593t Thomson, J.J 3:604-605 Thomson Orogeny 1:239f, 1:240*, 1:241 f, 1:242 Thomson, William See Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord thorium (Th) carbonatites 3:222, 3:223*, 3:224* crustal composition 5:1 74t Helium Partial Retention Zone 1:50-51 lava/lava flows 3:224f radiometric dating 1:88*, 3:20 uranium-thorium/helium (U-Th)/He dating method 1:50, l:52f, 5:127 Venus 5:246* Thornhill basin 2:96f, 2:98 thrips 2:300* thulium (Tm) 3:223*, 3:224f, 3:242f thunderstorms 1:S171 Thuringian forest 2:96f, 2:98 Thurston Island l:133f, l:134f, 1:137 Thylacosmilus 5:484 thymine 2:161, 2:162f Thyreophora 2:493 Tia Metamorphic Complex 1:246f Tianzhushania spinosa 4:361, 4:361 f Tibet 3:344, 4:215-216, 4:221 Tibetan Plateau 1:353, 2:100, 5:423, 5:424f, 5:481, 5:488, 5:539 tidal flats 4:236f, 4:57If Tien Shan Mountains 1:164-169 Tighe, William 3:60 tilasite 3:508* till characteristics 3:94 kimberlite indicator minerals 3:23 liquefaction 1:5 28t mineral dispersion 3:21-22, 3:22f, 3:23 physical properties l:483t problematic soils 1:562 rudaceous rocks 5:139 terminology 4:675 tillites 1:139-140, 2:59-60, 3:140f, 4:137, 4:180, 4:216, 4:675-676, 5:458 Timan Basin 4:214-215 Timanide Orogeny 2:49-56 background information 2:49 Barents Shelf 2:50/j 2:53 Caledonian Orogeny 2:72-73 Cambrian 4:62 East European Craton 2:34, 2:49-50, 2:53, 2:54f, 4:458-459, 4:464 foreland thrust-and-fold belt 2:50/", 2:51 geographic location 2:35f Novaya Zemlya 2:49, 2:50f, 2:53 Ouachita Mountains 4:62 Pechora Basin 2:50/i 2:51, 2:52/i 2:53/i 2:S4f Polar Ural Mountains 2:50/", 2:52 Precambrian 4:352 Subarctic Ural Mountains 2:52 tectonic evolution 2:53, 2:54f tectonic relationships 2:5Of terranes 2:5Of Timan Range 2:49, 2:50f, 2:86-88, 2:87f Timan Zone 2:5 2f, 2:53f time, geological 5:503 time, human 5:503 Timor 3:344 tincal 3:510 Tincalayu mining district, Argentina See ore bodies, borates tincalconite (Na2B4O7-5H2O) 3:512*, 3:513* tin (Sn) economic deposits 1:439f natural occurrences 3:553*, 3:554 oceanic manganese nodular deposits 5:114t soil concentrations 2:22* South-east Asian deposits 1:194 toxicity 2:22* world production rates 1:43 8t Tippecanoe sequence, North America 4:25, 4:26f7 4:27f, 4:28 Tissfinian stage 4:169f Titan 5:286, 5:287* Titania 5:290-291, 5:291* titanium (Ti) carbonatites 3:221*, 3:223* crustal composition 1:406*, 5:174* glauconite 3:542* ilmenite (FeTiO3) carbonatites 3:221* granites 3:234-235 kimberlites 3:24f, 3:254, 3:256* magmatic ores 3:641 physical properties 4:149f placer deposits 3:489-490 ilmenorutile (FeTi2O5) 4:149f kimberlites 3:248* lava/lava flows 3:224f magmatic ores 3:641 mineral analysis 1:108* obsidian 3:269* oceanic manganese nodular deposits 5:114* partitioning behaviour 3:639* pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) 4:149f rutile (TiO2) 3:254, 3:256*, 4:149*, 4:149 f ulvospinel (Fe2TiO4) 4:149f Venus 5:247* Tithonian stage 3:352*, 3:353-354 Atlantic Margin 4:104f Brazil 1:325 f Global Standard Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) 5:506f International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS) 5:517f magnetostratigraphy 4:99f vegetation 3:363-364 Toarcian stage 3:352*, 3:354/", 3:355, 5:506f,5:517f Tocantins erogenic system 1.-307/", l:314f, 1:319 Togiak terrane 4:40f, 4:42, 4:46 Tokelau Seamounts 3:315f, 3:316* Tombaugh, Clyde 5:293 Tommotian stage 4:73-74, 4:167f tonalites 3:237*, 3:238/", 3:242f Tonga 4:53-54, 4:109, 4:120 Tonga Trench 4:109, 4:120, 5:430*, 5:430^ Tonian System 5:511 f Tonle Sap, Cambodia 5:448 Tookoonooka, Australia 3:363* topaz 3:7*, 3:235* Topfer Coal Measures 3:147, 3:150f topples 4:689 torbernite 5:122-123 tornadoes 1:516, 1:517* Tornquist Ocean Caledonian Orogeny 2:56-63 East European Craton 4:458-459 Ordovician 2:78, 4:181-182 palaeogeographic reconstruction 2:77f, 4:15'5~t",4:156 terranes 5:455 Tornquist-Teisseyre Line 2:97, 2:101 f, 2:102, 5:455 Torrey, John 2:195 Torrubia, Antonio 3:172 Tortonian stage l:322f, 1:325f, 5:478, 5:479f,5:506f,5:517f tourmaline 3:7*, 3:512f, 3:563 Tournaisan stage 2:96f, 2:472, 4:201f, 4:202, 4:202f, 4:208f, 5:511/", 5:517f tower karst 4:682-683, 4:683f Toxopneustes 2:354 Toyonian stage 4:167f trace elements abundance 2:22* bioavailability 2:21 occurrence 2:21 speciation 2:21, 2:22* toxicity 2:22* trace fossils 5:520-532 arthropods (Arthropoda) 2:279 brachiopods 4:158, 4:158f burrowing structures 5:520-521, 5:521ft 5:522f chalk 5:44, 5:47f chronostratigraphy 4:164 Cnidarians 2:324 death mask hypothesis 4:374 definition 5:520-521 environmental indicators endobenthic tiering 5:529, 5:529f 5:530f ichnofabric indices 5:531, 5:531f ichnofacies 5:526, 5:527f, 5:528f