SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS/Reefs (‘Build-Ups’) 569 See Also Fossil Invertebrates: Brachiopods; Corals and Other Cnidaria; Porifera Mesozoic: Triassic; Jurassic; Cretaceous; End Cretaceous Extinctions Palaeoclimates Palaeozoic: Cambrian; Silurian; Devonian; Carboniferous; Permian; End Permian Extinctions Sedimentary Environments: Carbonate Shorelines and Shelves Sedimentary Rocks: Limestones Further Reading Figure 18 Massive Porites framestone, upper reef front Mes sinian, Cap Blanc, Mallorca, Spain before the onset of the ‘salinity crisis’ Debate still continues as to whether lowering temperatures or rising salinity caused these restrictions, but following the resumption of normal marine sedimentation in the Pliocene coral reefs were never again developed at these latitudes Today, Bermuda and the Gulf of Suez represent the most northerly outposts of shallow, warm-water reefs in the northern hemisphere, and in the latter reefs grow on the maritime fringes of alluvial fans, a situation which also occurred along this rift during the mid-Miocene In deep cold waters lacking a high turbidity, and with slow sedimentation rates, coral reefs grow today, but these are made by the ahermatypic (nonzooxanthellate) coral Lophelia These form major edifices along the Atlantic margins, but their growth rates are slow and they are extremely susceptible to disturbances from fishing and other offshore activities, which is why they are protected by nature conservancy measures Bekker A, Holland HD, Wang PL, et al (2004) Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen Nature 427: 117 120 Bonney TG (ed.) (1904) The Atoll of Funafuti London: Royal Society Cestari R and Sartorio D (1995) Rudists and Facies of the Periadriatic Domain San Donato Milanese: Agip S.p.A Darwin C (1842) Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Reprinted 1962 by University of California Press with foreword by HW Menard Embry AF and Klovan JE (1971) The Late Devonian reef tract on northern Banks Island, N.W.T Bulletin of Can adian Petroleum Geology 19: 730 781 Geldsetzer HHJ, James NP, and Tebbutt GE (1988) Reefs, Canada and adjacent areas Memoir of the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists 13 Heckel PH (1974) Carbonate buildups in the geological record: A review In: Laporte LF (ed.) Reefs in Space and Time Special Publication, vol 18, pp 90 154 Tulsa: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineral ogists Hollingworth NTJ and Tucker ME (1987) The Upper Per mian (Zechstein) Tunstall reef of north east England: Palaeoecology and early diagenesis In: Peryt TM (ed.) The Zechstein Facies in Europe Lecture Notes in Earth Science, vol 10, pp 23 50 Berlin: Springer Verlag James NP (1983) Reef environment In: Scholle PA, Bebout DG, and Moore CH (eds.) Carbonate depositional envir onments Memoirs of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 33: 345 440 James NP and Ginsburg RN (1979) The Seaward Margin of Belize Barrier and Atoll Reefs Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists, Kiessling W, Fluă gel E, and Golonka J (eds.) (2002) Phaner ozoic Reef Patterns Special Publication Tulsa: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Longman MW (1981) A process approach to recognizing facies of reef complexes In: Toomey DF (ed.) European Reef Models, Special Publication, vol 30, pp 40 Tulsa: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineral ogists Runnalls LA and Coleman ML (2003) Record of natural and anthropogenic changes in reef environments (Barba dos West indies) using laser ablation ICP MS and scler ochronology on coral cores Coral Reefs 22: 416 426 Scott RW (1990) Models and stratigraphy of mid Cret aceous reef communities, Gulf of Mexico Concepts in