606 INDEX beer (continued] United Kingdom 3:79 water composition 3:79, 3:80t characteristics 3:78-79 porter 3:80 stout 3:80 bees 2:297f, 2:300t beetles (Coleoptera) 2:297f, 2:300t, 5:469 Bega Batholith, Australia 3:243f Beja suture 2:80-82, 2:82f Belarus Belt 2:45f, 2:46 Belemnoidea 2:392, 2:393f, 2:394f, 3:357 Belemnopsis 2:393f Belgium 3:79, 3:80-81, 3:361, 4:192-193, 4:194, 5:454, 5:472 bellbergite 3:593t Belledonne massif 2:127-129, 2:128f Bellinghausen Sea l:133f, 1:139 Belomorian terrane 2:39, 2:44f Beloretsk Terrane 2:51 belovite 5:123 Belt-Purcell Supergroup, northern Cordillera 4:39-42 benches 5:432 Benioff, Hugo 3:195 Benioff zone l:120f, 1:127, l:15Sf Bennettitales 2:453f, 2:453 Bennett, S C 2:513 benthic foraminifera Benthic Foraminiferal Extinction (BFE) 5:462, 5:468, 5:470 end-Permian extinctions 4:220 oxygen isotope ratios 5:487t, 5:489-490 Palaeocene 5:462 shorelines and shelves 4:506 benthos environments 4:158, 4:499f Benthosuchus sushkini 2:518f bentonite 1:366-367, 1:369, 5:65, 5:572t Benton Uplift 4:62f, 4:64f, 4:65 Bepi Colombo 5:242 Beqa4:118 beraunite 5:124-125 Berdyankian faunachron 3:345f Bergman, Torbern 3:172, 3:178, 3:500 Beringer, Johann 2:169-170 Bering Strait 4:38, 5:461, 5:466, 5:471, 5:476, 5:490, 5:491 Berkey, Charles 1:445-446, 3:192 Berkshire massif 3:157f berlinite 5:121-122 bermanite 5:124-125 Bermuda Rise 3:315f, 3:316t Berriasella jacobi 3:361 Berriasian stage Atlantic Margin 4:104f bolide impact craters 3:363? Brazil j(:322^1;325/' chronostratigraphy 3:361f Global Standard Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) 5:506f International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS) 5:517f magnetostratigraphy 4:99f marine invertebrates 3:367f, 3:380f marine microfossils 3:378f marine vertebrates 3:368f, 3:381f protist families 3:366f sea-level variations 3:364f terrestrial invertebrates 3:369f, 3:381f terrestrial vertebrates 3:369f, 3:382f vegetation 3:363-364, 3:370f, 3:383f berthierine 1:360, l:361t, 3:542-548, 5:99 Bertrand, Marcel 2:238 beryllium (Be) carbonatites 3:223t partitioning behaviour 3:639? soil concentrations 2:22t toxicity 2:22? beryllonite 5:121-122 Berzelius, Jons Jacob 3:178, 3:500-501 betpakdalite (MgCa2[Mo8As2Fe3036(OH)] (H 0) 23 ) 3:551-552, 3:552t Beyrich, Ernst 2:234, 5:472 Biblical geology 1:253-258 Christian viewpoints 1:257 Creation science 1:258 Flood Geology 1:254, 3:176 geological research (1780-1835) 3:176 graphic granite 1:256, 1:256f Hebrew Scriptures Crossing of the River Jordan (Joshua) 1:256 earthquakes 1:256 Exodus Moses Strikes the Stone to Produce Water 1:256 Plagues 1:255 Red Sea crossing 1:255 Tablets of Stone 1:256 general discussion 1:253 Genesis Angel with the Flaming Sword 1:253 background information 1:253 Flood 1:254, 3:170 Sodom and Gomorrah 1:255 scientific revolution 1:257 See also creationism Bigadic mining district, Turkey See ore bodies, borates Big Obsidian Flow, Newberry Crater, Oregon, United States 3:270, 3:271f bikitaite 3:593t Bilbilian stage 4:167f Billings, Marland 3:188 billitonites 5:446-447 bindstone 3:527f, 4:562-563, 4:563f biodiversity 1:259-265 biodiversity curves general discussion 1:264 mass extinction events 1:264f shape significance 1:264 tetrapod evolution 1:264f causes 1:265 faunal ecological structure l:262t fish 2:464f general discussion 1:259 insects 1:263, 1:263 f measurement methods ancient species 1:260, 1:260f disparity 1:259 diversity 1:259 marine fauna 1:260, 1:260f modern species 1:260 types 1:259 Phanerozoic general discussion 1:262 marine change l:260f, 1:262, 1:264 f terrestrial change 1:262, 1:263f Precambrian 1:261 biofilms 1:283, 1:283 f bioherms 3:109 biokarst 4:679, 4:681f biosediments 1:279-294 Apex Chert, Pilbara region, Western Australia 1:291, l:292f, 3:313, 4:368-369, 4:369f biofilms 1:283, 1:283 f biomarkers 1:292, 1:293 f biosignatures 1:285, l:285t chemical fossils 1:293 filamentous microbes l:282f, 4:367f, 4:368 geographic distribution 1:280f, 1:282 glossary information 1:294 microbial effects precipitation processes 1:284, l:284t stromatolites Archaean stromatolites 1:287, I:289t9 1:291 f biosignatures l:285t trapping and binding 1:285 microbial mats 1:284, l:284f, 4:223-224, 4:377 microfossils fossilization process 1:288 interpretive processes 1:288, 1:292f oldest microfossils 1:291, l:292f significance 1:282 stromatolites Archaean stromatolites attributes l:286f, l:289t columnar stromatolites 1:291 f conical stromatolites 1:291 f domical stromatolites 1:291 f general discussion 1:285, 4:367 geographic distribution 1:280f photograph 4:367f stromatolite-like structures 1:287 formation processes I:287f9 1:28 8t9 3:109 interpretive processes 1:286 lacustrine deposits 4:556 physical properties l:286f tree of life 1:279, l:280f, 4:124, 4:125f biosphere biogeochemical cycles 1:431 early biosphere biogeochemistry 4:366 evolution 4:3 64f stromatolites 4:367 Earth 1:422 earth system science 1:430, 1:43If Gaia hypothesis 1:432