186 ASIA/South-East Figure 13 The distribution of Early Permian floral provinces plotted on (A) a present day geographical map, and (B) an Early Permian palaeogeographical map (A) KL, Kunlun; QD, Qaidam; AL, Ala Shan; QT, Qiantang; L, Lhasa; QS, Qamdo Simao; SG, Songpan Ganzi; WB, West Burma; SI, Simao; HT, Hainan Island Terranes; S, Semitau; SWB, South West Borneo (B) T, Tarim; NC, North China; SI, Simao; SC, South China; I, Indochina; EM, East Malaya; WS, West Sumatra; WC, Western Cimmerian Continent; QI, Qiangtang; S, Sibumasu; L, Lhasa; WB, West Burma metamorphics were exhumed along the Qinling-Dabie suture zone Sediment derived from the North–South China collisional orogen poured into the Songpan Ganzi accretionary-complex basin producing huge thicknesses of flysch turbidites The AilaoshanNan-Uttaradit back-arc basin was closed when the Simao Terrane collided with South China–Indochina in the Middle to early Late Triassic By Late Triassic (Norian) times, the North China, South China, Sibumasu, Indochina, East Malaya, West Sumatra, and Simao terranes had coalesced to form proto-East and South-east Asia (Figure 11D) During the final collisional consolidation of these terranes, the major economically important Late Triassic–Early Jurassic collisional tin-bearing Main Range granitoids were formed in South-east Asia (Figure 14) Jurassic (205–141 Ma) Australia remained in lowto-moderate southern latitudes in the Jurassic Rifting and separation of the Lhasa, West Burma, Sikuleh, Mangkalihat, and West Sulawesi terranes from northwestern Australia occurred progressively from west to east during the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic The Ceno-Tethys Ocean opened behind these terranes as they separated from Gondwana (Figure 15) Final welding of North China to Eurasia (the Yanshanian