524 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY/Natural and Anthropogenic Geohazards they design earthquake-proof buildings in Japan and deviation works to prevent lava flows or lahars from reaching villages and towns (as in Sicily) To illustrate the variety of engineering applications to geohazards, a list is given below of the types of work in which engineers have been involved, and which are represented by reports to Special Publications of the Engineering Group of the Geological Society: liquefaction of sediments in the Fraser River Delta (Canada); flooding at Ladysmith (South Africa); fluvial hazards (Bihar, India); ice- and snow-related high-altitude problems in glacial lakes (Himalayas, Peru); cliff erosion (Isle of Wight, UK); lessons from the Kobe earthquake (Japan); risks from low-seismicity earthquakes (Holland); gypsum-related subsidence at Ripon, Yorkshire (UK); subsidence related to solution in chalk (south-east England); groundwater recharge under rapid urbanization (Mexico, Thailand); organic solvent pollution of groundwater (Coventry, UK); landfill disposal of urban wastes (Tanzania, Gambia, Mauritius); acid mine drainage (Transvaal); heavy metal contamination (Cornwall, UK); foundation conditions and site investigations (UK); land restoration, brownfield sites; detection of karst features by remote sensing (England) Conclusion There have been great advances in hazard-related earth science and engineering in recent decades, but these hazards are far from understood and there is an ongoing need for more data and statistics Countries such as China, with its immense population, many of whom live in sites of high risk, and Colombia or Nepal, where the climate and physiography militate to give a situation in which natural geohazards are quite unavoidable, but can be mitigated, if only by emergency planning, are extreme examples; however, no country is free from these problems With the growth of megacities, urban geohazards are assuming increasing importance (Figure 6) See Also Engineering Geology: Liquefaction; Made Ground; Problematic Rocks; Problematic Soils; Site and Ground Investigation; Subsidence Environmental Geology Soil Mechanics Solar System: The Sun Tectonics: Earthquakes Volcanoes Further Reading Appleton JD, Fuge R, and McCall GJH (1996) Environ mental Geochemistry and Health, Special Publication No 113 London: Geological Society Blong RJ (1988) Assessment of eruption consequences Kagoshima International Conference on Volcanoes Pro ceedings, pp 569 572 Bullock P and Gregory PJ (1991) Soils in the Urban Envir onment Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications Culshaw MG, Bell FG, Cripps JC, and O’Hara M (1987) Planning and Engineering Geology, Engineering Geology Special Publication No London: Geological Society de Mulder EFJ COGEOENVIRONMENT, International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) (undated leaflet) Planning and Management, the Human Environment the Essential Role of the Geosciences Maund JG and Eddleston M (1998) Geohazards in Engin eering Geology, Engineering Geology Special Publication No 15 London: Geological Society McCall GJH (2003) Global climate change a view from the floor Geoscientist 13(6): 18 20 McCall GJH, Laming DJC, and Scott SR (1992) Geoha zards Natural and Man Made London: Chapman and Hall McCall GJH and Marker BR (1989) Earth Science Map ping for Planning, Development and Conservation, En gineering Geology Special Publication No London: Graham and Trotman McCall GJH, de Mulder EFJ, and Marker BR (1996) Urban Geoscience Rotterdam: Balkema (see, especially, papers by McCall, Simpson, and Mather) Stanton WI (2003) The Rapid Growth of Human Popula tions: 1750 2000 Brentwood: Multi science Publishers Thompson SA (1982) Trends and Developments in Global Natural Disasters 1947 1981 University of Colorado Institute of Behavioural Science Natural Hazards Research Working Paper No 45 Wang S (1997) Engineering Geology, Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, Beijing, 1997 Vol Utrecht: VSP Zhang Z, de Mulder EFJ, Liu T, and Zhou L (1997) Geo sciences and Human Survival, Environment, Natural Hazards, Global Change Proceedings of the 30th Inter national Geological Congress, Beijing, 1997 Vol Utrecht: VSP