370 COLONIAL SURVEYS Further Reading Boormans P (2004) Ceramics Are More Than Clay Alone Cambridge: Cambridge International Science Publishers Bundy WM (1991) Kaolin in paper filling and coating Applied Clay Science 5: 397 420 Burst JF (1991) The application of clay minerals in ceram ics Applied Clay Science 5: 421 423 Murray HH (1991) Overview clay mineral application Applied Clay Science 5: 379 395 Murray HH, Bundy WM, and Harvey CC (eds.) (1993) Kaolin Genesis and Utilization Aurora, CO: Clay Minerals Society Vaccari A (1999) Clay and catalysis: a promising future Applied Clay Science 14: 161 198 COCCOLITHS See FOSSIL PLANTS: Calcareous Algae COLONIAL SURVEYS A J Reedman, Mapperley, UK ß 2005, Elsevier Ltd All Rights Reserved Introduction The organization of the systematic surveying of the geology of the vast territories that formerly comprised the British Empire, mainly through the establishment of country specific geological surveys (see Geological Surveys), has been a long process and one that is not yet entirely complete This article outlines some of the major features of that process with special attention being given to the role of the organisation known as the Directorate of Colonial Geological Surveys Though the latter organization was only in existence for less than twenty years, in the middle of the last century, its influence on geological surveying in many parts of the world is still felt to this day Early Days In view of the fact that the Geological Survey of Great Britain was established in 1835, it may seem surprising that a systematic approach by the British Government to establishing and nurturing Geological Surveys in the many territories that constituted the British Empire took a further one hundred and twelve years to come to fruition, with the founding of the Directorate of Colonial Geological Surveys in1947 A considerable number of Geological Surveys had been established in various British overseas territories well before 1947 but largely through the lobbying efforts of enthusiastic individuals, and usually through the local colonial administration, rather than as a result of any overarching policy of the centralized colonial power vested in the British Crown The first of these local initiatives was taken just seven years after the Geological Survey of Britain came into being In 1840, the former provinces of Upper and Lower Canada were joined by an Act of Union into a single province and a country called Canada came into being In 1842, the legislature of the new country decided to set up a geological survey and William Logan was appointed as its first director Shortly afterwards, in 1853, a geological survey for India was established for India, based in Calcutta The Imperial Institute The foundations for official British involvement in overseas geology, administered from London, the centre of the Empire, were laid through the opening of the Imperial Institute in 1893 This organization was established as the National Memorial of the Jubilee of Queen Victoria and was initially funded by grants from the Commissioners of the Great Exhibition held in London in 1851 It was reorganized on a number occasions during its relatively short life before its final demise in the 1950s, but during this time it contributed a great deal to geological knowledge of the vast territories that constituted the ‘Empire’ The prime purpose for the existence of the Imperial Institute was to promote trade in natural raw materials in the colonies and dependencies Amongst these commodities, minerals (see Mining Geology: Mineral Reserves) were seen to be of great importance and a Mineral Resources Department, later to become a Division, was an important component of