802 INDEX vertebrates (continued) phylogenetic relationships 2:528f physical appearance 2:477-478 Sphenacodontia 2:488 Varanopidae 2:486, 2:487f therapsids 2:489 Tertiary 2:499, 2:523 tetrapods amniotes background information 2:479 Carboniferous 2:468, 2:473 f, 4:211-212 synapsids 2:477-478, 2:479 background information 2:479 China 1:352 Cretaceous 1:273 f Jurassic 1:273 f Palaeocene l:273f Palaeozoic non-amniote tetrapods 2:468-478 Permian 4:217 radiation patterns 4:211 tetrapodomorphs 2:469 species radiations 1:273f Triassic 3:350 Triassic 3:350 vertisols 1:557-558, 4:134, 5:196*, 5:199, 5:200 vertization 5:199, 5:200f vesignieite (BaCu (VO )2(OH)2) 3:589t Vesta 5:221*, 5:222f Vesuvian volcanoes 5:S68t Vesuvius, Italy 4:387t, 5:575 Viaudechinus 2:352f Vicksburgian stage 5:473f Victoria arc 4:82f Victoria, Australia 4:177-178, 4:191-192 Victoria Land 3:151f Vietnam 3:12 Vilyui Basin 4:461, 4:463f Vimy Ridge, France 3:482f Vinci, Leonardo da 3:169, 5:295 Vine, Frederick 3:200-201 Vine-Matthews anomalies 4:346 violarite (FeNi2S4) 3:575?, 3:585t Virgilian stage 4:209f Virginia, United States 3:147, 4:72, 4:73/ Visean stage chronostratigraphy 4:202f general discussion 4:202 glaciation 4:208f Global Standard Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) 5:511 f Gondwana 3:139 International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS) 5:517f magmatism 2:96f nomenclature 4:201f non-amniote tetrapods 2:472 Uralide orogeny 4:468 Variscides Orogeny 2:84 vegetation 4:209f Vitaliano, Dorothy 3:96, 3:97 Vitiaz Trench 4:116 Viti Levu 4:118, 4:119f Vitoria-Trindade Ridge 3:315f, 3:316t Vittatina 4:220 viverrids 5:485 vivianite 3:508f, 5:99, 5:122 Vjalovognathus l:184f Vogt,J.H.L 3:268 volborthite(Cu (V O )(OH)2-2H2O) 3:589t volcanic cones See seamounts volcanism Andes Mountains 1:118, 1:157 Antarctica 1:139 Appalachians 4:73, 4:75f Arabia 1:151 Argentina 1:161 bedded cherts 5:54 chert 5:53 continental flood basalts Columbia River Flood Basalts 5:480 end-Permian extinctions 4:222 large igneous provinces (LIPs) 3:315, 3:318,3:322 Cretaceous 3:360, 3:657 Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary 3:383 deep water sedimentation 4:642-643, 4:644 Devonian 4:198 earthquakes 5:329 East African Rift 1:28, I:29f 1:30f East European Craton 2:40, 2:48f explosive eruption characteristics 4:386, 4:387t, 4:388f, 4:389 Fiji 4:118, 4:120 geological research (1780-1835) 3:178 geomythology 3:97-98 geothermal systems 3:105 Grenville orogeny 3:157, 3:159f, 3:160, 3:161f ground subsidence 2:13 hazard analysis environmental geology 2:31, 2:32f frequency 1:51 It Geographical Information Systems (CIS) 4:426 mortality rates 1:517t, l:S18t quantification analysis 1:516 Holocene 3:657 hydrothermal vents 5:388-395 background information 5:388 biological habitats 5:388f, 5:392 black smokers chlorinity 5:37It East Pacific Rise 5:366/", 5:388, 5:388f ecology 3:105 growth stages 5:392f, 5:393f mineral deposits 3:491, 3:628, 5:388 occurrence 3:115, 5:365 structure 5:39Of chimneys 5:390, 5:390f, 5:393f deposit size 5:390 edifices 5:390, 5:390f formation locations fast-spreading ridges 5:389 general discussion 5:389 intermediate-spreading ridges 5:389 slow-spreading ridges 5:389 fossil record 5:394 growth stages 5:391, 5:392f, 5:393f mineralogy 5:391, 5:394t morphology 5:390, S:393f origin of life 4:128 structure 5:390, 5:390f white smokers 5:365, 5:390f9 5:390-391 igneous processes differentiation processes assimilation 3:216 fractional crystallization 3:215, 3:215f general discussion 3:215 glossary information 3:216 magma mixing 3:216 magma transport diapirism3:213/; 3:214 dike injection 3:213f, 3:214 eruptions 3:214 general discussion 3:212 porous flow 3:213f, 3:214 melting processes conduction heating 3:212 decompression melting 3:210 flux melting 3:212 general discussion 3:209 pressure-temperature diagram 3:211 f Japan 3:297, 3:299f, 3:300f komatiites 3:260-267 Archaean deposits 3:261, 3:266 cerium content 3:264f composition 3:264, 3:265f definition 3:260 eruption characteristics 3:262 flow characteristics 3:263, 3:264f geochemical types 3:261, 3:262f greenstone belts 3:261, 3:264 magma formation 3:261, 3:263f magnesium content 3:260, 3:261, 3:262f, 3:263f melting behavior 3:264 nickel-copper-platinum group (Ni-CuPGE) mineralization 3:266 occurrence 3:261 spinifex textures 3:260, 3:261 f, 3:264f water content 3:266 zirconium content 3:264f lahars 4:690, 5:572, 5:573, 5:574f, 5:576t, 5:576f, 5:577f Laki, Iceland 3:322 large igneous provinces (LIPs) 3:315-323 age dating 3:318 composition 3:317 continental flood basalts 3:315, 3:318, 3:322 Cretaceous 3:363t Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary 3:383