INDEX 671 geophysical techniques (continued) ground penetrating radar 1:488, 1:491*, 1:493'/", 1:498 f hazard identification 1:491*, 1:493, 1:495 f military applications 1:495-496, l:496f non-destructive testing 1:49It, 1:496, l:497t pavement studies 1:488, 1:491*, 1:493 f pipeline investigations 1:490, 1:491*, l:494f transport infrastructure 1:487, 1:491*, l:492f, 1:493f background information 1:482 methodology analytical techniques 1:482, l:483t data processing and interpretation 1:483, l:484f, 1:485f modeling techniques 1:482, 1:485f, l:486f target properties 1:482-483, l:483t three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques 1:484, l:486f survey design aliasing l:488f cost-benefit analysis 1:49If detection distance plots 1:487f feasibility studies 1:489f, 1:490f general discussion 1:484 sampling intervals 1:488f two-dimensional (2D) modeling techniques 1:486, 1:489 f, 1:490 f exploration geophysics 3:190 geoarchaeology 1:491*, 3:16, 3:17f karst landscapes 1:491*, 1:493, 1:495f military geology 1:495-496, 1:496f mining geology 1:491*, 3:617, 3:619*, 3:620f petroleum exploration 4:296 sandl:490f9l:494f site investigations 1:590 soils 1:490, 1:49 It stratigraphy 1:49 It See also seismology georeferencing 4:422 Georges Bank 4:101 f, 4:93, 4:93f, 4:94f, 4:96f, 4:98-100, 4:103, 4:103f Georgia 4:471 georgiaites 5:445f Georgia, United States 4:72, 4:73f, 4:7 Sf, 5:444, 5:445* Geosaurus 2:504 Geosiphon pyriforme 2:441-442 geosol 5:203 geosphere biogeochemical cycles 1:431 feedback mechanisms 1:431 fluxes 1:431, 1:433 f Gaia hypothesis 1:432 solar radiation 1:431, l:432f, 1:433 f geostrophic cycle 2:201, 2:202 f, 5:296-297, 5:542, 5:544, 5:547 geostrophic flow 4:581, 4:582f geosynclines 3:192-193 Geotechnical Area Studies Programme (GASP), Hong Kong 1:463, 1:464*, 1:469 geotechnical engineering 3:100-105 basic research areas foundations 3:103 ground improvement 3:103 slope stability studies 3:103 underground excavation analysis 3:103 components 3:101, 3:1 01 f definition 3:100 ground investigation 3:103 hydrogeology 3:104 modeling techniques 3:104 professional registration 3:38-39 risk analysis 3:103 rock mechanics 3:101, 3:102* soil mechanics 1:445, 3:101, 3:103*, 3:104*, 5:184-193, 5:558 geothermal systems background information 3:105 energy exploitation cascading geothermal power utilization process 3:lllf general discussion 3:109 liquid-dominated geothermal field 3:lllf power installation 3:11 Of soffioni 3:110, 3:110f temperature requirements 3:109*" water temperature variations 3:110f worldwide utilization rates 3:112* nonvolcanic-related processes Bath, England 3:1 13*, 3:113f, 3:114 commercial applications 3:116 doublet system 3:114f general discussion 3:114 geochemical analysis 3:113* geothermal utilization 3:115f heat output 3:1 13* Paris Basin 3:114f9 3:115, 3:1 15 f seafloor activity 3:115 spas/thermal baths 3:113f, 3:116, 3:116f volcanic-related processes bioherms3:109 fumaroles 3:107 general discussion 3:106 geysers 3:107, 3:107f, 3:108f hot- water waterfall 3:106f mofettes 3:107 sinter 3: 108 solfataras 3:107 stromatolites 3:109 travertine terraces 3:108, 3:108f Geotrichites glaesarius 2:439 f gerhardtite (Cu NO (OH) ) 3:556* German Geological Survey 3:68 Germany beer brewing process 3:79, 3:80, 3:80* Carboniferous 4:202f Devonian 4: 194 gemstones 3:7*, 3:13 Global Standard Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) 5:506f, 5:51 If gold (Au) 3:123 Holocene2:148 jawless fish 2:458-459 Jurassic 3:352* marine reptiles 2:502, 2:503f Oligocene 5:472 pterosaurs 2:513-514 reptiles (Reptilia) 2:477-478 tektites 5:444-445, 5:445*, 5:445f Triassic 3:344 wine geology 3:82, 3:83f Gerrothorax rhaeticus 2:5 19 f gersdorffite ((Ni,Co,Fe)AsS) 3:575* Gesner, Conrad 5:295 geysers 3:105-117 chert 5:59 East African Rift 1:29 f ecology 3:105 energy exploitation cascading geothermal power utilization process 3:111 f general discussion 3:109 liquid-dominated geothermal field 3:111f power installation 3:1 10 f soffioni 3:110, 3:110f temperature requirements 3:109f water temperature variations 3:110f worldwide utilization rates 3:112* geothermal systems 3:105 mineral deposits 3:628, 3:634 nonvolcanic-related processes 3:114 occurrence 3:105 volcanic-related processes 3:106, 3:107, 3:1 07f, 3:108f Ghana 5:443-444 Ghazalat Basin 3:129, 3:137f Gibbs free energy 3:393, 3:393f Gibraltar 2:97, 2:125-126, 3:147, 4:95, 5:481,5:486 Gigantocypris 3:453 Gilbert, Grove K 2:196, 3:62, 3:181-182, 3:195 Ginkgoales 2:451, 2:452f Ginkgo biloba 2:451-452 Ginkgo gardneri 2:4 52f ginorite (Ca^Cbs-S^O) 3:513* gismondine 3:593* Givetian stage background information 4:194 biodiversity 4:197, 4:199f East European Craton 4:459-460 extinction events 4:197 'f Global Standard Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) 5:51 If impact events 4: 199-200 International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS) 5:517 f marine environments 4:197 f palaeoclimate 4:196, 4:19 6f