Urban Heat Island Demonstration And Temperature Progression Using

University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2017 Urban Heat Island Demonstration And Temperature Progression Using Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Elliot Quinn Peltier Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Peltier, Elliot Quinn, "Urban Heat Island Demonstration And Temperature Progression Using Oklahoma City, Oklahoma" (2017) Theses and Dissertations 2308 https://commons.und.edu/theses/2308 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons For more information, please contact zeineb.yousif@library.und.edu URBAN HEAT ISLAND DEMONSTRATION AND TEMPERATURE PROGRESSION USING OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA By Elliot Quinn Peltier Bachelor of Science – Secondary Science, Turtle Mountain Community College, 2014 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2017 Copyright 2017 Elliot Peltier ii This thesis, submitted by Elliot Peltier in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved _ Dr Christopher Atkinson, Chair _ Dr Douglas Munski, Committee Member _ Dr Jeffrey VanLooy, Committee Member This thesis is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all of the requirements of the School of Graduate Studies at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved Grant McGimpsey Dean of the School of Graduate Studies Date iii PERMISSION Title Urban Heat Island Demonstration and Temperature Progression Using Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Department Geography and Geographic Information Science Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis Elliot Peltier 11/13/2017 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION II LITURATURE REVIEW III METHODOLOGY 11 IV RESULTS 19 V DISCUSSION 54 Factors Influencing Research 54 Shortcomings of Study 58 VI CONCLUSION 60 APPENDICES 61 REFERENCES 121 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Temperature (red) in relation to CO₂ concentration (blue) Oklahoma City study area 12 Study area with attribute table 14 Study area with attribute table 15 Study area with attribute table 16 Graph showing average minimum temperatures for December of each year 35 Graph showing average minimum temperatures for January of each year 37 Graph showing average minimum temperatures for February of each year 39 Graph showing average minimum temperatures for June of each year 41 10 Graph showing average minimum temperatures for July of each year 43 11 Graph showing average minimum temperatures for August of each year 45 12 Map showing average minimum temperature patterns across study area 47 13 Map showing average minimum temperature patterns across study area 48 14 Map showing average minimum temperature patterns across study area 49 vi 15 Map showing average minimum temperature patterns across study area 50 16 Map showing change in average minimum temperature patterns from 1985 to 2014 for January across study area 51 17 Map showing change in average minimum temperature patterns from 1985 to 2014 for June across study area 52 F Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for December 67 G Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for January 73 H Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for February 79 I Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for June 85 J Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for July 91 K Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for August 97 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page Difference in mean minimum temperature for December 21 Difference in mean minimum temperature for January 23 Difference in mean minimum temperature for February 25 Difference in mean minimum temperature for June 27 Difference in mean minimum temperature for July 29 Difference in mean minimum temperature for August 31 Comparing temperature differences (change from 1985 to 2014) for each month for one urban and one rural weather station 54 A Sample of Master Spreadsheet with Daily Minimum Temperatures for Each Station in Study Area 62 B Sample of Master Spreadsheet with Days with no Missing Temperature Values (Orange) 63 C Sample of Spreadsheet with Monthly Average Minimum Temperature Values 64 D Sample Spreadsheet of X-Y Data for each Weather Station 65 E Sample Spreadsheet of X-Y Data for Weather Station with no Missing Data 66 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to : My advisor (Dr Christopher Atkinson), advisory committee (Dr Douglas Munki, and Dr Jeffrey VanLooy), and all faculty and staff in the Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science at the University of North Dakota I greatly appreciate the opportunity to gain knowledge and receive a master’s degree in such a disciplined area of geoscience and all science for that matter I also greatly appreciate the help and support while doing so My parents and siblings who gave me love, help, support, and comfort during this time to assure success on any projects, assignments, and on achieving my Masters of Science ix 90 Appendix J Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for July Source: Norman NWS WFO 91 92 93 94 95 96 Appendix K Graph(s) showing temperature progression for each station for August Source: Norman NWS WFO 97 98 99 100 101 102 REFERENCES Balỗik, F B 2014 Determining the Impact of Urban Components on Land Surface Temperature of Istanbul by using Remote Sensing Indices Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186:859-872 Bone, M 2015 Steppes: The Plants and Ecology of the World's Semi-arid Regions Portland: Timber Press Bright, M 2013 The Pocket Book of Weather: Entertaining and Remarkable Facts about our Weather New York City: 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Landscape and Urban Planning 105:27-33 Sun, R., Y Lu, L Chen, and L Yang 2013 Assessing the Stability of Annual Temperatures for Different Urban Functional Zones Building and Environment 65:90-98 Xu, C.-D., J.-F Wang, and M.-G Hu 2013 Interpolation of Missing Temperature Data at Meteorological Stations using P-BSHADE* Journal of Climate 26:7452-7463 104 ... background information on urban heat islands, including effects urban heat islands have on urban environment This research will also touch on ways of mitigating the urban heat island effect, describe... lower urban temperature is by adding an urban cooling island, which are bodies of water scattered throughout an urban area that have a very high heat capacity and lower temperature If urban heat island. .. individual weather station Urban heat island intensity is displayed by producing maps that illustrate the urban heat island effect, and by using the Pearson correlation coefficient and difference of means