Thông tin tài liệu
Amphibious Operations AMIS German slang for Americans, comparable to “Tommies” for the British and “Ivans” for Russians AMMUNITION See air power; anti-aircraft weapons; anti-tank weapons; armor; artillery; B.A.R.; BARBAROSSA (1941); Bari raid (1943); bombs; elephants; Flak; Germany, conquest of; Grosstransportraum; horses; Imperial Japanese Army; Leningrad, siege of; Luftwaffe; machine guns; marching fire; mules; Panzerfaust; Panzerschreck; Quartermaster Corps; rockets; shrapnel; Singapore; Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945); Stalingrad, Battle of; strategic bombing; white phosphorus AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS The British term was “combined operations.” Amphibious operations are generally agreed to be the most difficult to carry out of any military endeavor Amphibious assaults engaged all the military capabilities of an attacker: intelligence, logistics, and air, land, and sea power The Japanese Army trained two divisions in amphibious assault, the 5th and 11th They pioneered modern amphibious assault at the outset of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), when they landed troops along parts of the coast of northern China An especially ambitious set of landings were made during the major campaign around Shanghai, where the Japanese first used their top secret Military Landing Craft Carrier Japanese Army engineers also invented the bow-ramp landing craft later copied by the Western Allies Interservice rivalry between the Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy over allocation of troops and shipping in amphibious operations was intense The Army generally brooked no Navy interference once its troops were ashore As was generally true of Japanese naval tactics, amphibious landings at night were preferred because they took advantage of extensive nighttime training by the IJN From 1937 to 1942 the Japanese carried out an unbroken succession of successful amphibious assaults Usually meeting utterly surprised defenders, they landed from southern China to the Dutch East Indies, across the southern Pacific, and on Guam and Wake Islands That string of victories was broken in May 1942, when the Japanese were forced to cancel an assault on Port Moresby because of a close-run naval battle in the Coral Sea A planned amphibious operation against Midway Island in the first week of June was called off as the great carrier battle of Midway unfolded Although originally intended only as a diversion from the attack on Midway, Japanese troops landed unopposed on Attu and Kiska in the Aleutian Islands Amphibious operations were also carried out to reinforce the large Japanese garrison on Guadalcanal, but ultimately failed to keep pace with enemy reinforcements On numerous South and Central Pacific islands Japanese proved highly adept at defending against amphibious operations, or at the least inflicting heavy casualties on their enemies They initially tried to meet and stop enemy landings on the beaches, through concentrated firepower and aggressive counterattacks against ill-formed enemy perimeters The Japanese specialized in night attacks This manner of defense proved highly costly in lives and quickly eroded garrison 43
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