Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927) CHAMBERLAIN, HOUSTON STEWART (1855–1927) English philosopher whose rambling, racist theories of international affairs were picked up by the Nazis—who needed intellectual cover for their own specious race claims Chamberlain developed a “Theory of Race,” which he claimed explained all major historical developments It placed Germanic peoples at the apex of all civilization He had a significant influence on the thinking, such as it was, of Adolf Hitler Both men also shared a fascination for the composer Richard Wagner (1813–1883), whose daughter Chamberlain married CHANG HSÜEH-LIANG See Manchuria Zhang Xueliang, the “Young Marshal.” CHANGKUFENG, BATTLE OF (1939) See Nomonhan CHANG TSO-LIN See Manchuria Zhang Zuolin, the “Old Marshal.” CHANNEL DASH See CERBERUS CHANNEL ISLANDS These small British islands, which lie closer to France than to England, were occupied by Germany a week after the armistice with France was signed on June 22, 1940 They were the only part of Great Britain to be occupied by the enemy Adolf Hitler intended to keep the Channel Islands and ordered them fortified from mid-1941 The Germans therefore introduced slavery to the islands in 1942, as the Todt Organization imported Soviet prisoners of war and Jews to work on the new defenses Some of the 60,000 islanders who were not evacuated resisted the occupation; about 2,200 were deported to Germany for their troubles, or as hostages Most collaborated at levels great or small to survive British commandos conducted several harassment raids against the German garrisons, for which the Islanders suffered the usual retaliations The Islands were bypassed in OVERLORD in 1944 In March 1945, the German garrison conducted a raid into the rear of U.S forces on the Cherbourg peninsula The garrison surrendered along with all other German forces in May 1945 See also Jerry Bag CHARLEMAGNE DIVISION See Waffen-SS CHARNWOOD ( JULY 7–8, 1944) Code name for a British Canadian operation to take Caen halfway through the Normandy campaign Preceded by a heavy air 220