THE ECONOMICS OF MONEY,BANKING, AND FINANCIAL MARKETS 489

CHAPTER 17 Tools of Monetary Policy 457 This mechanism is designed to increase the supply of high-quality securities that could be used for collateral by banks It can also be used to swap less-liquid securities for more-liquid securities that the banks are putting up as collateral It is also designed to partially offset the temporary increase in assets in the Bank s books associated with the term purchase and resale transactions TERM SECURITIES LENDING Advantages and Disadvantages of the Bank s Lending Policy Although the Bank of Canada s role as the lender of last resort has the benefit of preventing bank and financial panics, it does have a cost If a bank expects that the Bank of Canada will provide it with advances when it gets into trouble, it will be willing to take on more risk knowing that the Bank of Canada will come to the rescue The Bank of Canada s lender-of-last-resort role has thus created a moral hazard problem similar to the one created by deposit insurance (discussed in Chapter 11) Banks take on more risk, thus exposing the deposit insurance agency, and hence taxpayers, to greater losses The moral hazard problem is most severe for large banks, which may believe that the Bank of Canada and the CDIC view them as too big to fail ; that is, they will always receive Bank of Canada emergency lending assistance when they are in trouble because their failure would be likely to precipitate a bank panic Similarly, Bank of Canada actions to prevent financial panic may encourage financial institutions other than banks to take on greater risk They, too, expect the Bank of Canada to ensure that they could get loans if a financial panic seemed imminent When the Bank of Canada considers using the lending weapon to prevent panics, it therefore needs to consider the trade-off between the moral hazard cost of its role as lender of last resort and the benefit of preventing financial panics This trade-off explains why the Bank of Canada must be careful not to perform its role as lender of last resort too frequently The most important advantage of the Bank of Canada s lending policy is that the Bank can use it to perform its role of lender of last resort and stabilize the financial system in times of stress Experiences in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Black Monday crash, the terrorist destruction of the World Trade Center, and the recent global financial crisis indicate that this role has become more important in the past couple of decades In the past, Bank of Canada advances were used as a tool of monetary policy, with the bank rate changed to affect interest rates and the money supply However, because the decisions to take out loans are made by banks and are therefore not completely controlled by the Bank of Canada (while open-marketbuyback operations are completely controlled by the Bank of Canada), using lending policy to conduct monetary policy has advantages This is why the Bank of Canada moved to the current channel/corridor system of monetary control in which the bank rate is not used to set the overnight rate, but is only a backup facility to prevent the overnight interest rate from moving outside the operating band