434 PA R T V Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy policy rate; that is, the closer the overnight rate is to the target for the overnight interest rate The Operating Band for the Overnight Interest Rate The Bank of Canada implements monetary policy by changing the policy rate, in order to influence other short-term interest rates and the exchange rate In fact, in normal times the Bank s operational objective is to keep the overnight rate within an operating band (also known as a channel or corridor) of 50 basis points (1/2 of 1%) Recently, however, and in response to the subprime financial crisis, the Bank of Canada temporarily narrowed the operating band for the overnight interest rate to 25 basis points (1/4 of 1%) As Figure 17-1 shows, the upper limit of the operating band defines the bank rate ib The bank rate is the interest rate the Bank charges LVTS participants that require an overdraft loan (advance) to cover negative settlement balances on the books of the Bank at the end of the banking day The lower limit of the operating band is the rate the Bank pays to LVTS participants with positive settlement balances at the end of the day The midpoint of the operating band is the Bank of Canada s target for the overnight rate, the operating target of the Bank of Canada s monetary policy When, for example, the operating band is from 3.5% to 4.0%, the bank rate is 4.0%, the rate the Bank pays on deposits to LVTS participants is 3.5%, and the Bank s target for the overnight interest rate is 3.75% Since December 2000, the Bank of Canada has operated under a system of eight fixed dates throughout the year for announcing any changes to the target and the operating band for the overnight rate, and has reserved the option of acting between the fixed dates in extraordinary circumstances Early in the morning (at 9:00 a.m.) on each of the eight announcement dates, the Bank of Canada announces the target and an operating band of 50 basis points for the overnight interest rate (see the FYI box, Monetary Policy Implementation in the LVTS Environment ) This channel/corridor system for setting the overnight interest rate is also used by other central banks that, like the Bank of Canada, no longer have reserve requirements for example, the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (see the FYI box, The Worldwide Decline in Reserve Requirements and the Channel/Corridor System for Setting Interest Rates) Overnight Rate, ior Bank Rate, ib 50-basis-point operating band ib 0.50 Deficit (overdraft) F I G U R E 17- Surplus Operating Band for the Overnight Interest Rate Settlement balance