120 PA R T I I Financial Markets FINANCIAL NEWS Yield Curves The Wall Street Journal publishes a daily plot of the yield curves for U.S Treasury securities, an example of which is presented here It is found in the Money and Investing section The Globe and Mail: Report on Business publishes similar yield curves for Government of Canada securities The numbers on the vertical axis indicate the interest rate for the U.S Treasury security, with the maturity given by the numbers on the horizontal axis *Semiannual swaps maturing in yrs-30 yrs Sources: Ryan ALM; ICAP plc Source: Wall Street Journal, Wednesday, January 21, 2009, p C4 yield curves for U.S Treasury securities that were published in the Wall Street Journal Similar yield curves are reported for Canada in the Globe and Mail: Report on Business Yield curves can be classified as upward-sloping, flat, and downwardsloping (the last sort is often referred to as an inverted yield curve) When yield curves slope upward, as in the Financial News box, the long-term interest rates are above the short-term interest rates; when yield curves are flat, short- and long-term interest rates are the same; and when yield curves are inverted, long-term interest rates are below short-term interest rates Yield curves can also have more complicated shapes in which they first slope up and then down, or vice versa Why we usually see upward slopes of the yield curve? Besides explaining why yield curves take on different shapes at different times, a good theory of the term structure of interest rates must explain the following three important empirical facts: As we see in Figure 6-4, interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time When short-term interest rates are low, yield curves are more likely to have an