from this time Domestic recipes for bread begin to appear in cookbooks for the emerging middle class, and already look much like modern recipes English and American cookbooks from the 18th century on contain dozens of recipes for breads, cakes, and cookies In England around 1800, most bread was still baked in domestic or communal village ovens But as the Industrial Revolution spread and more of the population moved to crowded city quarters, the bakeries took over an ever increasing share of bread production, and some of them adulterated their flour with whiteners (alum) and fillers (chalk, ground animal bones) The decline of domestic baking was criticized on economic, nutritional, and even moral grounds The English political journalist William Cobbett wrote in Cottage Economy (1821), a tract addressed to the working class, that it is reasonable to buy bread only in cities where space and fuel are in short supply Otherwise, How wasteful, then, and indeed, how shameful, for a labourer’s wife to go to the baker’s shop… Give me, for a beautiful sight, a neat and smart woman, heating her oven and setting in her bread! And, if the bustle does make the sign of labour glisten on her brow, where is the man that would not kiss that off, rather than lick the plaster from the cheek of a duchess? The scolding of Cobbett and others failed to reverse the trend Bread making was one of the most time-consuming and laborious of household tasks, a kiss on the sweaty forehead notwithstanding, and more and more of the work was delegated to the baker Innovations in Leavening A new method of leavening made its first appearance in the first American cookbook, Amelia Simmons’s 1796 American Cookery Four recipes, two for cookies and two for gingerbread, call for the ... to reverse the trend Bread making was one of the most time-consuming and laborious of household tasks, a kiss on the sweaty forehead notwithstanding, and more and more of the work was delegated to the baker... setting in her bread! And, if the bustle does make the sign of labour glisten on her brow, where is the man that would not kiss that off, rather than lick the plaster from the cheek of a duchess? The scolding of Cobbett and others failed...How wasteful, then, and indeed, how shameful, for a labourer’s wife to go to the baker’s shop… Give me, for a beautiful sight, a neat and smart woman, heating her oven and setting in her bread! And, if the bustle does