period…during which the wine must pass from a permeable container [the barrel] to one nearly impermeable [the bottle] Scientific Approaches to Making Wine Pasteur planted the seed of a scientific approach to winemaking That seed soon took root in both France and the United States In the 1880s, the University of Bordeaux and the University of California established institutes of oenology The Bordeaux group focused on understanding and improving traditional French methods for producing fine wines, and discovered the nature of the malolactic fermentation (p 730) The California institute moved from Berkeley to Davis in 1928, and studied how best to build a wine industry in the absence of a local tradition, including determining what grape varieties were best suited to various climatic conditions Today, thanks to this and similar work in a number of countries, and to the general modernization of winemaking, more good wine is being made in more parts of the world than ever before Traditional and Industrial Wines There’s now a spectrum of approaches among winemakers, and so a spectrum of wines from which we can choose At one end is the relatively straightforward approach found in traditional winemaking regions: the grapes are grown in a place and with methods that maximize wine quality; they’re simply crushed, fermented, the new wine matured for some time, and bottled At the other end of the spectrum are advanced manufacturing processes that treat grapes and wine like other industrial materials These aim to approximate the qualities of the traditionally produced wine by nontraditional means that are less labor intensive and less expensive The grapes themselves need not be coaxed to an ideal ripeness because the winemaker can use various separation technologies to adjust ... in more parts of the world than ever before Traditional and Industrial Wines There’s now a spectrum of approaches among winemakers, and so a spectrum of wines from which we can choose At one end is the. .. At the other end of the spectrum are advanced manufacturing processes that treat grapes and wine like other industrial materials These aim to approximate the qualities of the traditionally produced... traditional winemaking regions: the grapes are grown in a place and with methods that maximize wine quality; they’re simply crushed, fermented, the new wine matured for some time, and bottled At the other end of the