CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PARALEGAL ASYSTEMS APPROACH Third Edition pot

T ABLE OF E XHIBITSxix 1–1 Regional Violent and Property Crime Rates 16 2–1 Federal Criminal Courts 32 2–2 Tracking a Case Through the Criminal Justice System 33 2–3 Sample Jury Instruct

Accounting and Financials for the Law Office • Administrative Law • Alternative Dispute Resolution

Bankruptcy • Business Organizations/Corporations • Careers and Employment • Civil Litigation and

Procedure • CLA Exam Preparation • Computer Applications in the Law Office • Contract Law

Court Reporting • Criminal Law and Procedure • Document Preparation • Elder Law • Employment

Law • Environmental Law • Ethics • Evidence Law • Family Law • Intellectual Property • Interviewing

and Investigation • Introduction to Law • Introduction to Paralegalism • Law Office Management

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CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE

A SYSTEMS APPROACH 3E

James W H McCord and Sandra L McCord

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infor-The reader is notified that this text is an educational tool, not a practice book Since the law is in constant change, no rule or statement of law in this book should be relied upon for any service to any client The reader should always refer to standard legal sources for the current rule or law If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of the appropriate professional should be sought.

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McCord, James W H.

Criminal law and procedure for the paralegal: a systems approach/James W H McCord and Sandra L McCord—3rd ed.

p cm.—(West Legal studies) ISBN-13 978-1-4018-6564-1 ISBN-10 1-4018-6564-X

1 Criminal law—United States

2 Criminal procedure—United States

3 Legal assistants—United States— Handbooks, manuals, etc I McCord, Sandra L II Title III Series.

KF9219.3.M33 2005 345.73—dc22

2005010804

To our son

Quinten James McCord

with love

C ONTENTS

TABLE OF EXHIBITS xix

TABLE OF CASES xxi

III CRIMINAL LAW 6

A Purpose of Criminal Law 6

B Sources of Criminal Law 7

C Model Penal Code 8

D Administrative Crime 8

E International Crime 8

F Change in the Criminal Law 9

G Divisions of Criminal Law 9

V CRITICAL REASON AND CRIMINAL LAW 13

VI THE DILEMMA OF CRIME IN A FREE SOCIETY 15VII CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES 15

A Current State of Crime 15

B Reasons for Drop in Crime 16

C Special Concerns: Present and Future 16

vii

VIII PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF CRIMINALLAW 17

A The Significance of Studying Criminal Law 17

B About This Text: Applying State Law 18

C The System Folder 18

IX SAMPLE CASES 18

2 A DMINISTRATION OF C RIMINAL J USTICE

AND THE R OLE OF THE P ARALEGAL 27

A Introduction 36

B Adversary System 36

C Role of the Prosecutor 37

D Role of the Defense Attorney 38

E Role of the Judge 40VIII ROLE OF THE PARALEGAL 41

A Paralegal Tasks in Criminal Law Offices 41

B Paralegal Ethical Responsibilities 42

C Other Professional Considerations 45

C General, Specific, and Transferred Intent 59

C Actus Reus in Complicity 64

D Mens Rea in Complicity 65

B Lesser Included Offense 78

II CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS 79

A Introduction 79

B Homicide 80

C Assault and Battery 93

D Civil Rights Violations 104

E Sexual Battery 105

F Criminal Abuse 116

G Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Custodial Interference 119

III CRIMES AGAINST HABITATION 123

5 C RIMES A GAINST P ROPERTY , P UBLIC O RDER

AND S AFETY , P UBLIC M ORALS , AND J USTICE

AND P UBLIC A DMINISTRATION 137

G Forgery and Uttering a Forged Instrument 144

A Introduction 158

B Terrorism 159

C Disorderly Conduct 160

D Riot 161

E Vagrancy and Loitering 161

F Endangering Public Health and Environment 162

G Use and Distribution of Firearms 163

IV CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS 164

B Mens Rea in Attempt 187

C Actus Reus in Attempt 189

D Defenses to Attempt 192III CONSPIRACY 193

A Introduction 193

B Mens Rea in Conspiracy 194

C Actus Reus in Conspiracy 195

E State Organized Crime Statutes 207

VI CONTINUING CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE (CCE) 207

VII CRIMINAL GANGS 210

E Resisting Unlawful Arrest 233

F Execution of Public Duties 233

G Parental Discipline Justification 234

B Actus Reus as a Missing Element 244

C Mens Rea as a Missing Element 245

D Counseling the Victim 267

III DECISION TO CHARGE 268

A Authority, Limits, and Immunity from Civil Suit 268

B Joinder of Offenses and Defendants 270

IV DRAFTING THE COMPLAINT 272

A Drafting from the Intake Form 272

B Drafting from the Police Report 273

V SUMMONS AND WARRANT 274

A Summons 274

B Arrest Warrant 275

C E-Filing and Monitoring 275

D Checklist for Drafting and Filing the Summons and Warrant 276

VI DOCKET TRACKING 276VII CONCLUSION 277

9 S EARCH AND S EIZURE 307

A Issuance: Probable Cause, Neutrality, Particularity 317

B Execution of the Warrant 320

C Warrant Subsequent to Search: Independent Source 325

D Officer Liability and the Fourth Amendment 325

IV EXCEPTIONS TO THE REQUIREMENT FOR A WARRANT 325

A Introduction 325

B Arrest 326

C Stop and Frisk (Investigatory Detention) 330

D Search Incident to Lawful Arrest 332

L Community Caretaking Function 348

V ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE AND THE PATRIOT ACT 351

VI SECRET AGENTS 353VII THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE 354VIII CONCLUSION 357

10 C ONFESSIONS AND P RETRIAL I DENTIFICATION

C In What Kinds of Hearings May the Right be Exercised? 366

D What Is Incriminating Testimony? 366

E When Can Incriminating Testimony be Compelled? 366

F How Far Does a Waiver of the Right Extend? 368

G When Is Evidence Testimonial? 368

III CONFESSIONS AND INTERROGATION: MIRANDA 368

A Introduction 368

B Miranda 376

C Issues Miranda Left Unanswered 377

D Effect of Denial of Right to Counsel (Massiah) and Harmless

Error 385

E Challenging a Confession 386

F The Paralegal’s Role 386

IV LINEUPS, ONE-ON-ONE SHOW-UPS, AND PHOTO

IDENTIFICATIONS 388

A Introduction 388

B The Right to Counsel at Pretrial Identification 389

C Due Process and Pretrial Identifications 389

D Initial Appearance: Paralegal’s Role 404

III PRETRIAL DETENTION 409

A Conditions of Confinement 409

B Duty to Confirm Identity of Detainee 409

C Terrorism and Detention Issues 409

C Preparing Questions for the Preliminary Hearing 420

VI PRELIMINARY HEARING 421

F The Paralegal’s Role: Prosecution 441

G The Paralegal’s Role: Defense 442III THE INFORMATION 444

D Discovery Procedure and the Paralegal’s Role 448

VI OTHER INVESTIGATION 451VII PRETRIAL MOTIONS 452

A Introduction 452

B Procedure 452

C Common Pretrial Motions 452VIII NOTICE OF DEFENSES 454

IX PLEA BARGAINING 455

X THE RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL 457

XI PRETRIAL CONFERENCE 458XII CONCLUSION 458

13 T RIAL : R IGHTS , P ROCEDURE , T ASKS 481

I INTRODUCTION 482

II TRIAL RIGHTS 482

A The Right to a Jury Trial 482

B The Right to Counsel 483

C The Rights of Presence and Confrontation 484

D The Right to Present Witnesses, to Testify, or Not to Testify 486III FAIR TRIAL VERSUS FREE PRESS AND PUBLIC ACCESS 486

IV THE PARALEGAL’S ROLE IN PREPARATION FOR TRIAL 487

A Introduction 487

B The Trial Notebook 487

C Preparation of Client and Witnesses 488

D Trial Materials 488

V TRIAL PROCEDURE AND THE PARALEGAL’S ROLE 489

A Voir Dire 489

B Opening Statements 493

C The Prosecution’s Case and the Presentation of Evidence 493

D Defense Cross-Examination of Prosecution’s Witnesses 499

E Motion for Judgment of Acquittal 499

F Defendant’s Case in Chief 500

G Prosecution’s Rebuttal and Defendant’s Rejoinder 500

H Motion for Judgment of Acquittal or Directed Verdict 500

I Jury Instruction Conference 501

J Closing Arguments 501

K Judge’s Instructions to the Jury 502

L Jury Deliberation 502

M Jury Verdict and Polling 504

VI POSTTRIAL MOTIONS 504

A Purpose 504

B Types of Posttrial Motions 504VII CONCLUSION 505

14 S ENTENCING , P UNISHMENT , AND R EVIEW 515

D Alternative Sentencing Plan 532

E The Sentencing Hearing 533

V SERVING THE SENTENCE 538

A Revocation of Probation 538

B Parole and Its Revocation 538

C Rights and Responsibilities of Prisoners 539

B Criteria for Access to Habeas Corpus 545

C Habeas Corpus Procedure 546

VIII CONCLUSION 546

APPENDIX A: SYSTEM FOLDER CONTENTS 587

APPENDIX B: EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED

STATES OF AMERICA 593

SPANISH GLOSSARY 605

P HOTO C REDITS

xvii

2: © Reza Estakhrian/Getty Images 26: Creatas/Dynamic Graphics Inc 50: © Roger Allyn Lee/SuperStock 76: © Getty Images 136: Chris Ryan/Getty Images 184: Spencer Platt/Getty Images 218: © Kevin/ CORBIS 258: © Viviane Moos/CORBIS 306: © Getty Images 362: Tom Hussey/Getty Images

398: PICTUREQUEST 436: PICTUREQUEST 480: © CORBIS 514: © David J Sams/Getty Images.

T ABLE OF E XHIBITS

xix

1–1 Regional Violent and Property Crime

Rates 16

2–1 Federal Criminal Courts 32

2–2 Tracking a Case Through the Criminal Justice

System 33

2–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Presumption of

Innocence—Burden of Proof—Reasonable

Doubt 35

3–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Knowingly—

Defined; Deliberate Ignorance 58

3–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Unlawful Sale of

Alcoholic Beverage 61

3–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Aiding and

Abetting 63

4–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Assault with

Dangerous Weapon [18 U.S.C

§ 113(c)] 95

4–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Second-Degree

Burglary 127

4–3 Common Elements of Crimes 128

5–1 Levels of Possession in Theft 142

5–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Theft or

Embezzlement by Bank Officer or

Employee (18 U.S.C § 656) 149

5–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Intentional Damage

to a Protected Computer (18 U.S.C

§ 1030(a)(5)(A) and (3)(2)(A)&(B)) 153

5–4 Sample Jury Instructions: Disorderly

Conduct 160

5–5 Sample Jury Instructions: Controlled

Substance—Possession with Intent to

Distribute [21 U.S.C § 841(a)(1)] 172

5–6 Sample Jury Instructions: Bribery of Public

Official [18 U.S.C § 201(b)(1)] 173

5–7 Common Elements of Crimes 176

6–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Attempt;

“A Substantial Step”—Defined 188

6–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Conspiracy—

Elements 204

6–3 Increments of Inchoate Crimes 212

6–4 Inchoate Crimes 213

6–5 Organized Crimes 214

7–1 Sample Jury Instructions: Entrapment 237

7–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Insanity 241

7–3 Sample Jury Instructions: Insanity 242

7–4 Sample Jury Instructions: Alibi 245

7–5 Defenses 250

8–1 Standardized Intake Form 277

8–2 Standardized Criminal Complaint:

Federal 279

8–3 Standardized Criminal Complaint: State 280

8–4 Standardized Summons 281

8–5 Standardized Arrest Warrant: Federal 283

8–6 Standardized Arrest Warrant: State 285

8–7 Assault Counseling Brochure 286

8–8 Victim Impact Statement 288

8–9 Crime Victim Claim Form 290

8–10 Completed Criminal Complaint (Cordoba

Case) 298

8–11 Standardized Crime Report 299

8–12 Arrest Warrant (Completed) 301

9–1 Application and Affidavit for Search

Warrant 321

9–2 Sample Warrant and Inventory 322

9–3 Exceptions to the Fourth Amendment

Requirement for a Warrant 349

10–1 Defense Motion to Suppress Confession 387

10–2 Prosecution Response to Defense Motion to

Suppress Confession 388

11–1 Uniform Bail Schedule (Sample Page) 424

11–2 Order Setting Conditions of Release 425

11–3 Pretrial Services Interview Form 428

11–4 Sample Printout of NCIC Search 405

11–5 Release of Information (HIPAA) 430

11–6 Motion to Reduce Bond 431

12–1 Grand Jury Docket 459

12–2 Grand Jury Subpoena 460

12–3 Indictment Form 462

12–4 Motion to Dismiss Indictment 463

12–5 Motion for Bill of Particulars 464

12–6 Bill of Particulars 465

12–7 Arraignments 466

12–8 Motion for Discovery in Routine Case 466

12–9 Motion for Discovery in Murder Case 468

12–10 Motion for Sanctions for Failure to Provide

Timely Discovery 475

12–11 Pretrial Motion for Separate Trials 476

13–1 Juror Attitude Survey: Instruction Sheet for

Pollsters Plus Survey Questions 505

13–2 Sample Jury Instructions: Direct and

14–3 Number of Persons in Custody of State

Correctional Authorities by Most SeriousOffense, 1980–2001 526

14–4 Sample Presentence Report 547

14–5 Sample Motion for Probation with Alternative

Sentencing Plan 565

14–6 Judgment of Sentence of Probation 571

14–7 Disposition of Federal Criminal Appeals 541

14–8 Federal Notice of Appeal 572

14–9 Affidavit in Support of Motion to Proceed on

Appeal in Forma Pauperis 572

14–10 Federal Application for Habeas Corpus 573

Acosta, People v., 609 N.E.2d 518 (N.Y 1993) 189

Acton, Vernonia School District 47 v., 115 S.Ct 2386

(1995) 342

Adami, People v., 111 Cal Rptr 544 (Cal App

1973) 215

Adams v Williams, 92 S.Ct 1921 (1972) 331

Adams, State v., 605 A.2d 1097 (N.J 1992) 380

Addy v State, 849 S.W.2d 425 (Tex App 1993) 486

Aguilar, People v., 53 Cal Rptr.2d 731 (Cal 1996) 95

Aguilar v Texas, 84 S.Ct 1509 (1964) 317, 318

Aguilar, U.S v., 967 F.2d 111 (5th Cir 1992) 144

Aguilar, U.S v., 883 F.2d 662 (9th Cir 1989) 235

Agurs, U.S v., 96 S.Ct 2392 (1976) 44

Ake v Oklahoma, 105 S.Ct 1087 (1985) 486

Akins v U.S., 679 A.2d 1017 (D.C App 1996) 309

Albers, U.S v., 226 F.3d 989 (9th Cir 2000) 57

Albertson v Subversive Activities Control Board, 86

Alward v State, 912 P.2d 243 (Nev 1996) 311

American Booksellers Foundation v Dean, 342 F.3d(2d Cir 2003) 166

Amos v U.S., 255 U.S 313, 41 S.Ct 266 (1921) 347Anders v California, 187 S.Ct 1396 (1967) 543Anderson, State v., 631 A.2d 1149 (Conn 1993) 229Andreas, Illinois v., 103 S.Ct 3319 (1983) 313Andresen v Maryland, 96 S.Ct 2737 (1976) 320Angiulo, U.S v., 847 F.2d 956 (1st Cir 1988) 206Apfelbaum, U.S v., 100 S.Ct 948 (1980) 367Apodaca v Oregon, 92 S.Ct 1628 (1972) 483ApolloMedia Corp v Reno, 19 F.Supp.2d 1081 (N.D.Cal 1998) 166

ApolloMedia Corp v Reno, 119 S.Ct 1450(1999) 166

Apprendi v N.J., 120 S.Ct 2348 (2000) 104, 273,

526, 530, 531Arave v Creech, 113 S.Ct 1534 (1993) 519Argersinger v Hamlin, 92 S.Ct 2006 (1972) 30, 483Arias v State, 593 So.2d 260 (Fla App 1992) 214Armstrong, U.S v., 116 S.Ct 1480 (1996) 269Arnold v State, 510 N.E.2d 167 (Ind 1987) 120Arthurs, U.S v., 73 F.3d 444 (1st Cir 1996) 234Artuz v Bennett, 121 S.Ct 361 (2000) 546Arvizu, U.S v., 122 S.Ct 744 (2002) 330Ash, U.S v., 413 U.S 300 (1973) 389Ashcroft, v Free Speech Coalition, (2002) 166Ashe v Swenson, 90 S.Ct 1189 (1970) 225Askew, State v., 716 A.2d 36 (Conn 1998) 495Atkins v Virginia, 122 S.Ct 2242 (2002) 519Atwater v Lago Vista, 121 S.Ct 1536 (2001) 328, 330Austin v U.S., 113 S.Ct 2801 (1993) 527

Avila, People v., 770 P.2d 1330 (Colo App

1988) 145B.C v Plumas Unified School District, 192 F.3d 1260(9th Cir 1999) 342

Bani, State v., 36 P.3d 1255 (Haw 2002) 107

Banks, People v., 799 N.E.2d 503 (Ill App 2003) 120

Banks, U.S v., 124 S.Ct 521 (2003) 320

Barker v Wingo, 92 S.Ct 2182 (1972) 457

Barrett v State, 618 So.2d 269 (Fla App 1993) 353

Bartlett, State v., 830 P.2d 823 (Ariz 1992) 106

Bartlett, State v., 525 N.W.2d 237 (Neb App 1994) 62

Bash, State v., 925 P.2d 978 (Wash 1996) 60

Bass v Singletary, 143 F.3d 1442 (11th Cir 1998) 540

Bass v State, 950 S.W.2d 940 (Mo Ct App 1997) 66

Bass, U.S v., 122 S.Ct 2389 (2002) 269

Batson v Kentucky, 106 S.Ct 1712 (1986) 439, 490

Bazeley, The King v., 168 Eng Rep 517 (K.B

1799) 141

Beach v State, 512 N.E.2d 440 (Ind App 1987) 102

Beardsley, People v., 113 N.W 1128 (Mich 1907) 71

Beaudry, State v., 365 N.W.2d 593 (Wis 1985) 72

Bechtel v State, 840 P.2d 1 (Okl Cr 1992) 249

Beck v Ohio, 379 U.S 89 (1964) 311

Becker, State v., 935 P.2d 1321 (Wash 1997) 170

Behrel v State, 823 A.2d 696 (Md App 2003) 319

Bell v Wolfish, 99 S.Ct 1861 (1979) 409

Bell, State v., 805 P.2d 815 (Wash App 1991) 228

Belton, New York v., 101 S.Ct 2860 (1981) 333, 335

Benn v Lambert, 283 F.3d 1040 (9th Cir 2002) 496

Bigelow v State, 768 P.2d 558 (Wyo 1989) 200

Binnie v State, 583 A.2d 1037 (Md 1991) 247

Birch, State v., 479 N.W.2d, 284 (Iowa 1991) 146

Bishop v State, 356 S.E.2d 503 (Ga 1987) 233

Biswell, U.S v., 92 S.Ct 1593 (1972) 340

Black, Virginia v., 123 S Ct 1536 (2003) 104

Blackledge v Allison, 97 S.Ct 1621 (1977) 456

Blackledge v Perry, 94 S.Ct 2098 (1974) 269

Blair, U.S v., 54 F.3d 639 (10th Cir 1995) 169

Blake, U.S v., 888 F.2d 795 (11th Cir 1989) 348

Blakely v Washington, 124 S.Ct 2531 (2004) 273, 530

Blockburger v U.S., 52 S.Ct 180 (1932) 101, 229

Blocker, U.S v., 354 F.Supp 1195 (D.C.D.C 1973) 379

Blotcher, U.S v., 142 F.3d 728 (4th Cir 1998) 510

Blow, State v., 602 A.2d 552 (Vt 1991) 353Board of Education of Independent School District

No 92 of Pottawatomie County v Earls, 122S.Ct 2559 (2002) 342

Boardman v Estelle, 957 F.2d 1523 (9th Cir

1992) 582Boehm, State v., 379 N.W.2d 874 (Wis App

1985) 205Bond v U.S., 529 U.S 334 (2000) 313Bond, U.S v., 167 F.3d 225 (5th Cir 1999) 313Bonner, State v., 411 S.E.2d 598 (N.C 1992) 84Booker, U.S v., 125 S.Ct 738 (2005) 493Booth v Maryland, 107 S.Ct 2529 (1987) 533Bordenkircher v Hayes, 98 S.Ct 663 (1978) 269, 455Bostick, Florida v., 111 S.Ct 2382 (1991) 331, 347Bounds v Smith, 97 S.Ct 1491 (1977) 539Bourjaily v U.S., 107 S.Ct 2775 (1987) 485Bowers v Hardwick, 106 S.Ct 2841 (1986) 165Boykin v Alabama, 89 S.Ct 1709 (1969) 455Brady v Maryland, 83 S.Ct 1194 (1963) 447, 448Brady v U.S., 90 S.Ct 1463 (1970) 455

Branch, U.S v., 91 F.3d 699 (5th Cir 1996) 228Brandt, State v., 992 P.2d 1034 (Wash App

2000) 443Brandyberry, People v., 812 P.2d 674 (Colo App.1990) 253

Branzburg v Hayes, 92 S.Ct 2646 (1972) 441Braverman v U.S., 63 S.Ct 99 (1942) 196Brennan, State v., 775 A.2d 919 (Vt 2001) 180Brewer, State v., 932 S.W.2d 1 (Tenn Cr App

1996) 248Brewer v Williams, 97 S.Ct (1977) 385Bridges, State v., 329 A.2d 247 (Me 2003) 391Brignoni-Ponce, U.S v., 95 S.Ct 2574 (1975) 341Brinegar v U.S., 69 S.Ct 1302 (1949) 317, 356Brogan v U.S., 118 S.Ct 805 (1998) 365Bronston v U.S., 409 U.S 352 (1973) 173Brooker v Commonwealth, 587 S.E.3d 732 (Va App.2003) 205

Brooks v State, 584 A.2d 82 (Md App 1991) 227Brosnan, State v., 608 A.2d 49 (Conn 1992) 233Brosseau v Haugen, 125 S.Ct 596 (2004) 328Brown v Boise-Cascade Corp., 946 P.2d 324 (Or.App 1997) 495

Brown v Hammond, 810 F.Supp 644 (E.D Pa.1993) 44

Brown v Ohio, 97 S.Ct 2221 (1977) 224Brown v Texas, 99 S.Ct 2637 (1979) 331, 343, 345Brown v Walker, 16 S.Ct 644 (1896) 367

Brown, Commonwealth v., 605 A.2d 429 (Pa

1992) 95Brown, People v., 277 Cal Rptr 309 (Cal App.1991) 214

Brown, State v., 931 P.2d 69 (N.M 1996) 246Brown, State v., 364 A.2d 27 (N.J 1976) 248

Brown, U.S v., 352 F.3d 654 (2nd Cir 2003) 490

Bruton v U.S, 88 S.Ct 1620 (1968) 271

Bryan v U.S., 118 S.Ct 1939 (1998) 163

Bryant v State, 574 A.2d 29 (Md App 1990) 228

Buckley v Fitzsimmons, 113 S.Ct 2606 (1993) 270

Bucuvalas, U.S v., 909 F.2d 593 (1st Cir 1990) 200

Buggs, State v., 806 P.2d 1381 (Ariz Ct App

1990) 228

Buie, Maryland v., 110 S.Ct 1093 (1990) 333

Bull, State v., 611 A.2d 672 (N.J 1992) 140

Bullock, People v., 277 Cal Rptr 63 (Cal App

1990) 339

Bumper v North Carolina, 88 S.Ct 1788 (1968) 347

Burch v Louisiana, 99 S.Ct 1623 (1979) 483

Burdeau v McDowell, 41 S.Ct 574 (1921) 309

Burger, New York v., 107 S.Ct 2636 (1987) 340

Burk v State, 848 P.2d 225 (Wyo 1993) 197

Burns v Reed, 111 S.Ct 1934 (1991) 270

Burns v U.S., 111 S.Ct 2182 (1991) 530

Burston, U.S v., 159 F.3d 1328 (11th Cir 1998) 317

Busacca, U.S v., 936 F.2d 232 (6th Cir 1991) 142

Buswell, State v., 460 N.W.2d 614, (Minn 1990)

certiorari denied, 111 S.Ct 1107 (1991) 309

Butler, North Carolina v., 99 S.Ct 1755 (1979) 379

Butt, State v.,656 A.2 1225 (Me 1995) 120, 122-123

Calder v Bull, 3 U.S 386 (1798) 226

Callaway, State v., 317 N.W.2d 428 (Wis 1982), cert

2003) 270Castillo v U.S., 120 S.Ct 2090 (2000) 164Chadwick, U.S v., 97 S.Ct 2476 (1977) 333, 335Chamber, Commonwealth v., 599 A.2d 630 (Pa.1991) 502

Chambers v Mississippi, 93 S.Ct 1038 (1973) 486Chandler, Commonwealth v., 722 S.W.2d 899 (Ky.1987) 117

Chandler v Florida, 101 S.Ct 802 (1981) 487Chandler v Miller, 117 S.Ct 1295 (1997) 341Chaney v State, 267 So.2d 65 (Fla 1972) 393Chaplinsky v New Hampshire, 62 S.Ct 766 (1942) 222

Chapman v California, 87 S.Ct 824 (1967) 542Charbonneau, U.S v., 979 F.Supp 1177 (S.D Ohio1997) 313

Chavez v Martinez,123 S.Ct 1994 (2003) 381-384Chesternut, Michigan v., 108 S.Ct 1875 (1988) 326Childs, State v., 728 N.E.2d 379 (Ohio 2000) 198Chimel v California, 89 S.Ct 2034 (1969) 332,

333, 335Christie, Commonwealth v., 98 S.W 3d 485 (2003) 496

Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc v City ofHialeah, 113 S.Ct 2217 (1993) 222

Ciraolo, California v., 106 S.Ct 1809 (1986) 312Citrino, People v., 90 Cal Rptr 80 (Cal App

Clay v U.S., 123 S.Ct 1072 (2003) 546Cleaves, People v., 280 Cal Rptr 146 (Cal App.1991) 87

Cleveland v U.S., 121 S.Ct 365 (2000) 143Clifford, Michigan v 104 S.Ct 641 (1984) 340Coates v City of Cincinnati, 91 S.Ct 1686 (1971) 226

Cobb, Texas v., 121 S.Ct 1335 (2001) 385Cobb, U.S v., 144 F.3d 319 (4th Cir 1998) 146Cockrell v Burdine, 122 S.Ct 2347 (2002) 483Codispoti v Pennsylvania, 94 S.Ct 2687 (1974) 482Coe, People v., 564 N.Y.S.2d 255 (N.Y App 1990) 145Cohen v Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp (1949) 406

Comber v U.S.,584 A.2d 26 (D.C App 1990) 88-89

Compassion in Dying v Washington, 79 F.3d 790

(9th Cir 1996) 87

Connelly, Colorado, v., 107 S.Ct 515 (1986) 379

Cook, People v (Pomona Super Ct 1998) 62

Coolidge v New Hampshire, 91 S.Ct 2022 (1971)

324, 334

Cooper v People, 97 S.C 662 (Colo 1999) 59

Cooper v State, 587 S.E.2d 605 (Ga 2003) 346-347

Cooper, Commonwealth v., 899 S.W.2d 75 (Ky

1995) 393

Costello v U.S., 76 S.Ct 406 (1956) 440

Counts v State, 376 So.2d 59 (Fla App 1979) 541

Cox, U.S v., 942 F.2d 1282 (8th Cir 1991) 195

Craig, Maryland v., 110 S.Ct 3157 (1990) 484-485

Crane, Kansas v., 122 S.Ct 867 (2002) 108

Crawford v Washington, 124 S.Ct 1254 (2004)

485, 494

Creek v State, 588 N.E.2d 1319 (Ind App 1992) 126

Crimmins, U.S v., 123 F.2d 271 (2d Cir 1941) 195

Crisafi, State v., 614 A.2d 620 (N.J 1992) 484

Crosby v Delaware, 824 A.2d 894 (Del 2003) 529

Cruz v State, 465 So.2d 516 (Fla 1985) 238

Cubbage, In re Detention of, 671 N.W.2d 442 (Iowa

2003) 243

Curtis, State v., 603 A.2d 356 (Vt 1991) 193

Cutter v Wilkinson, 349 F.3d 257 (6th Cir 2003) cert

Daoud, State v., 679 A.2d 577 (N.H 1996) 254

Darty v State, 994 S.W.2d 215 (Tx App 1999) 233

Datcher, U.S v., 830 F.Supp 411 (M.D Tenn

Davis, People v., 30 Cal Rptr.2d 50, (Cal 1994) 81

Davis, People v., 958 P.2d 1083 (Cal 1998) 126

Davis, People v., 392 N.Y.S.2d 195 (N.Y 1977) 62

Davis, State v., 356 S.E.2d 607 (N.C App 1987) 57

Davis v U.S., 114 S.Ct 2350 (1994) 380

Davis v U.S., 93 S.Ct 1577 (1973) 545

Davis, U.S v., 978 F.2d 415 (8th Cir 1992) 154

Davis, U.S v., 174 F.3d 941 (8th Cir 1999) 400

Day, People v., 2 Cal Rptr.2d 916 (Cal App

1992) 483Degren v State, 722 A.2d 887 (Md 1999) 131DeJesus, U.S v., 347 F.3d 500 (3rd Cir 2003) 490Dellinger, U.S v., 472 F.2d 340 (7th Cir 1972), cert.denied, 93 S.Ct 1443 (1973) 485

DeMarco v U.S., 94 S.Ct 1185 (1974) 448Dennis v U.S., 71 S.Ct 857 (1951) 203Deperna, People v., 768 N.Y.S 2d 238 (N.Y.A.D.2003) 95

Dew v State, 439 N.E.2d 624 (Ind 1982) 125DeZarn, U.S v., 157 F.3d 1042 (6th Cir 1998) 174Diaz, U.S v., 176 F.3d 52 (2nd Cir 1999) 207Dickerson, Minnesota v., 113 S.Ct 2130 (1993)

332, 334Dickerson v U.S., 120 S.Ct 2326 (2000) 377Diehl v State, 451 A.2d 115 (Md 1982) cert denied,

103 S.Ct 1798 (1983) 222Direct Sales v U.S., 63 S.Ct 1265 (1943) 195Dixon v State, 605 So.2d 960 (Fla App 1992) 485Dobry, State v., 250 N.W 702 (Iowa 1933) 60Doe v Renfrow, 631 F.2d 91 (7th Cir 1980) cert.denied 451 U.S 1022 (1981) 342

Doe, Connecticut Dep’t of Public Safety v., 123 S.Ct

1160 (2003) 107Doe, In Interest of, 869 P.2d 1304 (Haw 1994) 103Doe, U.S v., 104 S.Ct 1237 (1984) 366, 443Donovan v Dewey, 101 S.Ct 2534 (1981) 340Doran, Michigan v., 99 S.Ct 530 (1978) 423Dorman v U.S., 435 F.2d 385 (D.C Cir 1970) 339Dornhofer, U.S v., 859 F.2d 1195 (4th Cir 1988) 319Dougherty, U.S v., 473 F.2d 1113 (D.C Cir

1972) 503Douglas v California, 83 S.Ct 814 (1963)

373, 543Douglas v State, 652 So.2d 887 (Fla App 1995) 85Dow Chemical v U.S., 106 S.Ct 1819 (1986) 312Dowd, State v., 411 S.E.2d 428 (S.C 1991) 174Doyle, State v., 587 S.E.2d 917 (N.C Appl 2003) 84Doyon, State v., 416 A.2d 130 (R.I 1980) 131Draper v U.S., 79 S.Ct 329 (1959) 317Drayton, U.S v., 122 S.Ct 2105 (2002) 347Drew v U.S., 331 F.2d 85 (D.C Cir 1964) 271Dudley and Stephens, Regina v., 15 Cox Crim Cas

624 (Q.B 1884) 235Dunaway v New York, 99 S.Ct 2248 (1979) 326Dunbar, State v., 817 P.2d 1360 (Wash 1991) 212Duncan v Louisiana, 88 S.Ct 1444 (1968) 482Dunn, U.S v., 107 S.Ct 1134 (1987) 312, 313Durant, State v., 857 P.2d 891 (Or App 1993) 140Durham v U.S., 214 F.2d 862, (D.C Cir 1954) 240Dusky v U.S., 80 S.Ct 788 (1960) 243

Dutton v Evans, 91 S.Ct 210 (1970) 271Dyer, People v., 403 N.W.2d 84 (Mich App

1986) 179

Ealey, State v., 959 S.W.2d 605 (Tenn Crim App.

Edwards v South Carolina, 83 S.Ct 680 (1963) 161

Edwards v U.S., 583 A.2d 661 (D.C App 1990) 95

Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human

Resources v Smith, 494 U.S 872 (1990) 171

Enriquez v State, 826 S.W.2d 191 (Tex App

1992) 146

Epley, U.S v., 52 F.3d 571 (6th Cir 1995) 104

Ervin v State, Ex Parte, 991 S.W.2d 804 (Tex Crim

Evans v City of Zebulon, 351 F.3d 485 (11th Cir

2003), petition for rehearing en banc granted,

364 F.3d 1298 (11th Cir 2004) 333

Evans v U.S., 112 S.Ct 1881 (1992) 148

Evans, Arizona v., 115 S.Ct 1185 (1995) 356

Evans, State v., 523 A.2d 1306 (Conn 1987) 238

Evans, U.S v., 924 F.2d 714 (7th Cir 1991) 237

Every, State v., 578 S.E.2d 642 (N.C App 2003) 167

Ferree, People v., 163 Ill Dec 545, (Ill App 1991) 254

Fetzik, State v., 577 A.2d 990 (R.I 1992) 229

Fields, State v., 376 S.E.2d 740 (N.C 1989) 254

Finger v State, 27 P.3d 66 (Nev 2001) 241

Fini, Commonwealth v., 531 N.E.2d 570 (Mass

Flowers, State v., 574 So.2d 448 (La App 1991) 228

Floyd, State v., 466 N.W.2d 919 (Iowa App 1990) 94Flum, U.S v., 518 F.2d 39 (8th Cir 1975) 60

Fonfrias v U.S., 951 F.2d 423 (1st Cir 1991) 225Ford v Wainwright, 106 S.Ct 2595 (1986) 519Foster v California, 89 S.Ct 1127 (1969) 390Fox v State, 384 N.E 1159 (Ind App 1979) 124Fox, U.S v., 766 F.Supp 569 (N.D Tex 1991) 179Francis v Henderson, 96 S.Ct 1708 (1976) 545Franks v Delaware, 98 S.Ct 2674 (1978) 317Fraser, People v., 752 N.E.2d 244 (N.Y 2001) 248Frazier v Cupp, 89 S.Ct 1420 (1969) 380

Free Speech Coalition, Ashcroft v., 122 S.Ct 1389(2002) 166

Freeland, State v., 863 P.2d 263 (Ariz App 1993) 62Freeman, U.S v., 357 F.2d 606 (2d Cir 1966) 241French v Blackburn, 428 F.Supp 1351 (M.D.N.C.1977) 366

Frey, People v., 467 N.E.2d 302 (Ill App 1984) 125Frey v State, 708 So.2d 918 (Fla 1998) 246

Frye v U.S., 293 Fed 1013 (D.C Cir 1923) 496Fuller v Oregon, 94 S.Ct 2116 (1974) 401Fulminante, Arizona v., 111 S.Ct 1246 (1991) 386Funches, U.S v., 135 F.3d 1405 (11th Cir 1998) 248Funk v Commonwealth, 842 S.W.2d 476 (Ky

1992) 495Furman v Georgia, 92 S.Ct 2726 (1972) 518, 519Gagnon, U.S v., 105 S.Ct 1486 (1985) 484Gallegos v State, 825 P.2d 1249 (N.M 1992) 139Gant, U.S v., 691 F.2d 1159 (5th Cir 1982) 235Garner, Tennessee v., 105 S.Ct 1694 (1985) 328,

329, 330Garrison, Maryland v., 107 S.Ct 1013 (1987) 358Garrity v New Jersey, 87 S.Ct 616 (1967) 367Gastown, Inc., State v., 360 N.E.2d 970 (Ohio 1975) 162

Gates, Illinois v., 103 S.Ct 2317 (1983) 318Gatewood, U.S v., 230 F.3d 186 (6th Cir 2000), cert.denied, 122 S.Ct 911 (2009) 529

Gaul-Alexander, People v., 38 Cal Rptr.2d 176 (Cal.App 1995) 145

Gault, In re, 87 S.Ct 1428 (1967) 246, 366Geiger, People v., 199 Cal Rptr 45, (Cal 1984) 79General Electric v Joiner, 522 U.S 136 (1997) 496Gentry v State, 437 So.2d 1097 (Fla 1983) 189Gerstein v Pugh, 95 S.Ct 854 (1975) 328Gibbs v Cross, 160 F.3d 962 (3d Cir 1998) 540Gibson v State, 643 N.E.2d 885 (Ind 1994) 144Gibson v Turpin, 513 S.E.2d 186 (Ga 1999) 545Gideon v Wainwright, 83 S.Ct 792 (1963) 30,

373, 483Giglio v U.S., 92 S.Ct 763 (1972) 448Gigot, U.S v., 147 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir 1998) 456Gilbert v California, 87 S.Ct 1951 (1967) 389Girouard v State, 583 A.2d 718 (Md 1991) 86Glucksberg, Washington v., 117 S.Ct 2258 (1997) 87

Gluzman, U.S v., 154 F.3d 49 (2d Cir 1998) 118

Goetz, People v.,497 N.E 2d (N.Y 1986)

229-232, 241

Golston, Commonwealth v., 366 N.E.2d 744 (Mass

1977) 81, 83

Gomez, U.S v., 81 F.3 846 (9th Cir 1996) 254

Gonyea, U.S v., 140 F.3d 649 (6th Cir 1998) 245-246

Gonzalez, State v., 796 N.E.2d 12 (Ohio App

Grand Jury Proceedings of the Special April Grand

Jury, In re 347 F.3d 197 (7th Cir 2003) 440

Gray v Maryland, 118 S.Ct 1151 (1998) 271

Gray, State v., 584 N.E.2d 710 (Ohio 1992) 130

Green v State, 605 A.2d 1001 (Md App 1992) 380

Green v State, 591 So.2d 965 (Fla App 1991) 127

Green v U.S., 78 S.Ct 221, (1957) 223

Green, U.S v., 324 F.3d 375 (5th Cir 2003) 333

Greenawalt v Stewart, 105 F.3d 1268 (9th Cir

1997) 545

Greene v U.S., 454 F.2d 783 (9th Cir 1971) 254

Greenspan, State v., 374 S.E.2d 884 (N.C App

1989) 148

Greenwood, California v., 108 S.Ct 1625 (1988) 313

Gregg v Georgia,96 S.Ct 2909 (1976) 13, 519,

520-524, 531

Gregory v State, 573 So.2d 397 (Fla App 1991) 174

Gresham v Peterson, 224 F.3d 899 (7th Cir 2000) 162

Groban’s Petition, In re, 77 S.Ct 510 (1957) 440

Groetken, State v., 479 N.W.2d 298 (Iowa 1991) 165

Groh v Ramirez, 124 S.Ct 1284 (2004) 325, 356

Gustafson v Florida, 94 S.Ct 488 (1973) 332

Guthrie, State v., 461 S.E.2d 163 (W.Va 1995) 83

Guzman v State, 586 S.E.3d 59 (Ga App 2003) 81, 87

Haggren v State, 829 P.2d 842 (Alaska App

1992) 248

Hall v State, 293 S.E.2d 862 (Ga App 1982) 132

Hall, U.S v., 142 F.3d 988 (7th Cir 1998) 313

Hallock, State v., 875 S.W.2d 285 (Tenn Crim App

Hauser, State v., 445 S.E.2d 73 (N.C App 1994),

affirmed, 464 S.E.2d 443 (N.C 1995) 309

Havens, U.S v., 100 S.Ct 1912 (1980) 500Haynes, U.S v., 143 F.3d 1089 (7th Cir 1998) 228

Hayward v U.S.,584 A.2d 26 (D.C App 1990)88-93

Hebert, People v., 39 Cal Rptr 539 (Cal App 1964) 62

Hellenthal, People v., 465 N.W.2d 329 (Mich App.1990) 528

Heller v New York, 93 S.Ct 2789 (1973) 320Hemmer, State v., 531 N.W.2d 559 (Neb App 1995) 188

Hemphill, State v., 409 S.E.2d 744 (N.C App 1991) 85

Henderson v Morgan, 96 S.C 2253 (1976) 455Henley v State, 522 N.E.2d 376 (Ind 1988) 120Henning, State v., 666 N.W.2d 379 (Minn 2003) 330Henry, U.S v., 447 U.S 264, 100 S.Ct 2183

(1980) 385Herber, U.S v., 222 F.3d 597 (9th Cir 2000) 353Hermanson v State, 604 So.2d 775 (Fla 1992) 222Hernandez v New York, 111 S.Ct 1859 (1991) 490Hernandez, People v., 624 N.E.2d 661 (N.Y 1993) 84Hernandez-Wilson v U.S., 186 F.3d 1 (1st Cir 1999) 530

Herron, U.S v., 825 F.2d 50 (5th Cir 1987) 199Hershberger, State v., 462 N.W.2d 393 (Minn 1990) 222

Hester v U.S., 44 S.Ct 445 (1924) 313Hicks, Arizona v., 107 S.Ct 1149 (1987) 324, 334Hicks, Virginia v., 123 S.Ct 2191 (2003) 127Hiibel v Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 124S.Ct 2451 (2004) 331, 368

Hiivala v Wood, 195 F.3d 1098 (9th Cir 1999) 545Hill v Lockhart, 106 S.Ct 366 (1985) 456

Hill, New York v., 120 S.Ct 659 (2000) 457Hill, People v., 28 Cal Rptr.2d 783 (Cal 1994) 96Hill, U.S v., 393 F.3d 839 (8th Cir 2005) 313Hobby v U.S., 104 S.Ct 3093 (1984) 439Hodari D., California v., 111 S.Ct 1547 (1991) 313,

326, 331 336Hoffa v U.S., 87 S.Ct 408 (1966) 313, 326, 331,

336, 353Hoffman v U.S., 71 S.Ct 814 (1951) 366, 372Hohensee, State v., 650 S.W.2d 268 (Mo App 1982) 237

Holland, U.S v., 22 F.2d 1040 (11th Cir 1994) 180Holland, U.S v 511 F.2d 38 (6th Cir 1975), cert.denied, 95 S.Ct 2401 (1975) 339

Holston, U.S v., 343 F.3d 839 (8th Cir 2003) 166

Hope v Pelzer, 122 S.Ct 2508 (2002) 516

Horn, In re Grand Jury Subpoena Issued to, 976 F.2d

1314 (9th Cir 1992) 439

Horton v California, 110 S.Ct 2301 (1990) 334

Houchin, State v., 765 P.2d 178 (Mont 1988) 199

Houck, State v.,727 P.2d 460 (Kan 1986) 84, 124,

260-263, 457

Houghton, Wyoming v.,119 S.Ct 1297 (1999)

335-338

Houser, People v., 712 N.E.2d 355 (Ill App 1999) 253

Houston, State v., 475 S.E.2d 307 (W.Va 1996) 236

Hovrud, State v., 805 P.2d 250 (Wash App 1991) 173

Howe, State v., 805 P.2d 806 (Wash 1991) 126

Hsu, U.S v., 40 F.Supp.2d 623 (E.D Pa 1999) 155

Hysell, State v., 569 So.2d 866 (Fla App 1990) 132

Idowu, U.S v., 157 F.3d 265 (3rd Cir 1998) 195

Iennaco, U.S v., 893 F.2d 394 (D.C Cir 1990) 196

Imbler v Pachtman, 96 S.Ct 984 (1976) 270

Imlay, State v., 813 P.2d 979 (Mont 1991) 528

Innis, Rhode Island v., 100 S.Ct 1682 (1980) 378

J.E.B v Alabama ex rel T.B., 114 S.Ct 1419

(1994) 490

J.L., Florida v., 120 S.Ct 1375 (2000) 331

Jaben v U.S., 381 U.S 214 (1965) 361

Jackson v Bishop, 404 F.2d 571 (8th Cir 1968) 516

James v State, 579 S.E.2d 750 (Ga App 2003) 200

Jandro v State, 781 P.2d 512 (Wyo 1989) 200

Janusz, U.S v., 135 F.3d 1319 (10th Cir 1998) 143

Johnson, U.S v., 956 F.2d 894 (9th Cir 1992) 249

Johnson, U.S v., 324 F.2d 264 (4th Cir 1963) 95

Jones v Edwards, 770 F.2d 739 (8th Cir 1985) 333

Jones v State, 652 So.2d 346 (Fla 1995) 179

Jones v U.S., 120 S Ct 1904 (2000) 125

Jones v U.S., 119 S.Ct 2090 (1999) 503Jones v U.S., 308 F.2d 307 (D.C Cir 1962) 55Jones, State v., 657 P.2d 1263 (Utah 1982) 142Joseph, U.S v., 33 M.J 960 (NMCMR 1991) 107Joy, State v., 851 P.2d 654 (Wash 1993) 141Juarez, State v., 26 S.W.3d 346 (Mo App 2000) 234Jupiter v State, 616 A.2d 412 (Md 1992) 179K.L.T v Florida, 561 So.2d 338 (Fla Dist Ct App.1990) 228

Kalathakis, State v., 563 So.2d 228 (La 1990) 131Kalina v Fletcher, 118 S.Ct 502 (1997) 270Kammersell, U.S v., 7 F.Supp.2d 1196 (D Utah,1998) 32

Kaniff v U.S., 351 F.3d 780 (7th Cir 2003) 340Kapral v U.S., 166 F.3d 565 (3d Cir 1999) 545Karo, U.S v., 104 S.Ct 3296 (1984) 353, 358

Katz v U.S.,88 S.Ct 507 (1967) 309, 310-311, 312,

315, 316, 353Kaupp v Texas, 123 S.Ct 1843 (2003) 326, 377-378Kay, U.S v., 359 F.3d 738 (5th Cir 2004) 173Kennedy v Dexter Consolidated School, 10 P.3d 115(N.M 2000) 342

Kennedy v State, 450 S.E.2d 252 (Ga App 1994) 126Kennedy, State v., 803 So.2d 916 (La 2001) 520Ker v California, 83 S.Ct 1623 (1963) 320Kidd, People v., 591 N.E.2d 431 (Ill 1992) 502King v State, 505 So.2d 403 (Ala Crim App

1987) 85Kirby v Illinois, 92 S.Ct 1877 (1972) 389Kirchoff, State v., 587 A.2d 988 (Vt 1991) 313Kirk v Louisiana, 122 S.Ct 2458 (2002) 326Klat, U.S v., 156 F.3d 1258 (D.C Cir 1998), cert.denied 120 S.Ct 603 (1999) 484

Klopfer v North Carolina, 87 S.Ct 988 (1967) 457Knights, U.S v., 122 S Ct 587 (2001) 341

Knowles v Iowa, 119 S.Ct 484 (1998) 332Knowles, State v., 598 So.2d 430 (La App 1992) 247Koczwara, Commonwealth v., 155 A.2d 825 (Pa.1959) 67

Konop v Northwestern School District, 26 F.Supp.2d

1189 (D.S.D 1998) 342Koon, U.S v 34 F.3d 1416 (9th Cir 1994) 104Kotila v Commonwealth, 114 S.W.3d 226 (Ky 2003) 189

Kotteakos v U.S., 66 S.Ct 1239 (1946) 198Krout, U.S v., 66 F.3d 1420 (5th Cir 1995) 483Krueger v Noel, 318 N.W.2d 220 (Iowa 1982) 60Krull, Illinois v., 107 S.Ct 1160 (1987) 359Kuhlmann v Wilson, 106 S.Ct 2616 (1986) 385Kumho Tire Co Ltd v Carmichael, 119 S.Ct 1167(1999) 496

Kuntz, State v., 875 P.2d 1034 (Mont 1994) 139Kyles v Whitely, 115 S.Ct 1555 (1995) 448Kyllo v U.S., 121 S.Ct 2038 (2001) 311-312, 317Kyllo, U.S v., 190 F.3d 1041 (9th Cir 1999) 312

Labare, Commonwealth v., 416 N.E.2d 534 (Mass.

App 1981) 132

Lachman, U.S v., 278 F.Supp 2d 68 (D Mass

2003) 225

LaClere, People v., 564 N.E.2d 640 (N.Y 1990) 393

Lahr v State, 840 P.2d 930 (Wyo 1992) 141

Laino, People v., 11 Cal.Rptr 3d 723 (Cal 2004) 529

LaMacchia, U.S v., 871 F.Supp 535 (D Mass

Lange, U.S v., 312 F.3d 263 (7th Cir 2002) 155

Langford, State v.,483 So.2d 979 (La 1986) 140,

141, 150-152

Lanier, U.S v., 117 S.Ct 1219 (1997) 104

Lanza v N.Y., 82 S.Ct 1218 (1962) 309

Lara, U.S v., 124 S.Ct 1628 (2004) 224

Laton, U.S v., 352 F.3d 286 (6th Cir 2003) 125

Latraverse, State v., 443 A.2d 890 (R.I 1982) 193

Lauria, People v., 59 Cal Rptr 628 (Cal 1967)

194, 195

LaVallee v Perrin, 466 A.2d 932 (N.H 1983) 477

Lawhorn v State, 898 S.W.2d 886 (Tex Cr App

1995) 126

Lawrence v Texas, 123 S.Ct 2472 (2003) 165

Laws, People v., 613 N.E.2d 747 (Ill 1993) 198

Lawson v Commonwealth, 164 S.W.2d 972 (Ky

1942) 222

Leach v Kolb, 911 F.2d 1249 (7th Cir 1990) 238

Lee v State, 799 S.W.2d 750 (Tex Cr App 1990) 118

Lee v Tahash, 352 F.2d 970 (8th Cir 1965) 539

Lee, U.S v., 173 F.3d 809 (11th Cir 1999) 169

Lefkowitz v Turley, 94 S.Ct 316 (1973) 365, 439

Leibowitz v Eighth Judicial District Court of the

State of Nevada, 78 P.3d 515 (Nev 2003) 45

Leidner, U.S v., 99 F.3d 1423, (7th Cir 1996) 319

Lem Woon v Oregon, 33 S.Ct 783 (1913) 421

Little v U.S., 709 A.2d 708 (D.C 1998) 64

Liu, People v., 54 Cal Rptr.2d 578 (Ca App

1996) 215

Livingston v State, 372 So.2d 1350 (Ala Cr App

1979) 124

Lockett v Ohio, 98 S.Ct 2954 (1978) 519Lockyer v Andrade, 123 S.Ct 1166 (2003) 529Lodermeier, State v., 481 N.W.2d 614 (S.D 1992) 227Lohmeier, State v., 556 N.W.2d 90 (Wis 1996) 247Long, Michigan v 103 S.Ct 3469 (1983) 331Long, State v., 800 S.W.2d 507 (Tenn Cr App 1990) 214

Looper, State v., 118 S.W.3d 386 (Tenn Crim App.2003) 245

Lopez, Commonwealth v., 654 A.2d 1150 (Pa Super.1995) 94

Loud Hawk, U.S v., 106 S.Ct 648 (1986) 457Lovasco, U.S v., 97 S.Ct 2044 (1977) 270, 457Lowe v State, 819 S.W.2d 23 (Ark App 1991) 146Lozier, State v., 375 So.2d 1333 (La 1979) 132Lynch v State, 370 N.E.2d 401 (Ind App 1977) 123Lynn v Reinstein, 68 P.3d 412 (Ariz May 2003) 537M.W., U.S v., 890 F.2d 239 (10th Cir 1989) 124MacDonald v Musick, 425 F.2d 373 (9th Cir

1970) 270Madison v Riter, 355 F.3d 310 (4th Cir 2003) 539Maldonado, Commonwealth v., 838 A.2d 710 (Pa.2003) 107

Malik v State, 831 A.2d 1101 (Md App 2003) 78Mallory v U.S., 77 S.Ct 1356 (1957) 372, 400Mandujano, U.S v., 96 S.Ct 1768 (1976) 440Manson v Brathwaite, 97 S.Ct 2243 (1977) 389Manzella, U.S v., 791 F.2d 1263 (7th Cir 1986) 236Mapp v Ohio, 81 S.Ct 1684 (1961) 354

Marbury v Madison, 5 U.S (1 Cranch) (1803) 5Marion, U.S v., 92 S.Ct 455 (1971) 457

Marron v U.S., 48 S.Ct 74 (1927) 320, 324Marsh, People v., 26 Cal Rptr 300 (Cal 1962) 143Martin, U.S v., 228 F.3d 1 (1st Cir 2000) 215Martinez v The Court of Appeals of California, 120S.Ct 684 (2000) 542

Martinez, State ex rel., v Third Judicial Dist Court(vol 39, No 7, SBB 12, N.M., 2000) 489Martinez, State v., 891 P.2d 1061 (Idaho App

1995) 125Martinez, State v., 884 P.2d 3 (Wash App 1994) 180Martinez-Fuerte, U.S v., 96 S.Ct 3074 (1976) 341,

343, 345Martinez-Salazar, U.S v., 120 S.Ct 774 (2000) 489Mash, State v., 372 S.E.2d 532 (N.C 1988) 247Mason, U.S v., 233 F.3d 619 (D.C Cir 2000) 236Massaro v U.S., 123 S.Ct 1690 (2003) 545Massiah v U.S., 84 S.Ct 1199 (1964) 369, 385Mathiason, Oregon v., 97 S.Ct 711 (1977) 377Matlock v U.S., 94 S.Ct 988 (1974) 346Matthews, State v., 808 P.2d 691 (Okla Cr 1991) 141Mauro, Arizona v., 107 S.Ct 1931 (1987) 378Maxwell, U.S v., 45 M.J 406 (C.M.A 1996) 313Mayberry v State, 1992 WL 86691 (Tex App

1992) 502

McCovens v State, 539 N.E.2d 26 (Ind 1989) 126

McCoy, State v., 561 A.2d 582 (N.J 1989) 144

McCracken, State v., 579 S.E.2d 492 (N.C App

2003) 170

McDonald, People v.,554 N.Y.S.2d 394 (N.Y Co Ct

1996) 120, 121

McGainey, U.S v., 37 F.3d 682 (D.C Cir 1994) 175

McGruder v Puckett, 954 F.2d 313 (5th Cir

1992) 516

McKane v Durston, 14 S.Ct 913 (1894) 517

McKaskle v Wiggins, 104 S.Ct 944 (1984) 484

McKinnon v U.S., 550 A.2d 915 (D.C App 1988) 81

McKnight v State, 576 S.E.2d 168 (S.C 2003), cert

Medina, People v., 799 P.2d 1282 (Cal 1990) 243

Medina-Garcia, U.S v., 918 F.2d 4 (1st Cir 1990) 214

Mejia, People v., 617 N.E.2d 799 (Ill App 1993) 483

Mejia, State v., 662 A.2d 308 (N.J 1995) 146

Mejia-Mendoza, People v., 965 P.2d 777 (Colo

Mendoza, People v., 959 P.2d 735 (Cal 1998) 66

Mendoza-Cecelia, U.S v., 963 F.2d 1467 (11th Cir

Miller, State v., 718 So.2d 960 (La 1998) 56

Miller, U.S v., 146 F.3d 274 (5th Cir 1998) 359

Miller, U.S v., 688 F.2d 652 (9th Cir 1982) 309

Monia, U.S v., 63 S.Ct 409 (1943) 365Montoya de Hernandez, U.S v., 105 S.Ct 3304(1985) 340

Moon Lake Electric Association, Inc., U.S v., 45F.Supp.2d 1070 (D Colo 1999) 163Mooney v Holohan, 55 S.Ct 340 (1935) 448Moore v Illinois, 98 S.Ct 458 (1977) 389Moore, U.S v., 627 F.2d 830 (7th Cir 1980) 248Morabito, People v., 580 N.Y.S.2d 843 (N.Y.City Ct.1992) 130

Morales, Chicago v., 119 S.Ct 1849 (1999) 162,

211, 225Moran v Burbine, 106 S.Ct 1135 (1986) 380Moran v Schwartz, 826 P.2d 952 (Nev 1992) 205Moran, U.S v., 984 F.2d 1299 (1st Cir 1993) 215Morgan v Illinois, 112 S.Ct 2222 (1992) 490Morgan, U.S v., 805 F.2d 1372 (9th Cir 1986) 139Morison, U.S v., 844 F.2d 1057 (4th Cir 1988) 222Mosley, Michigan v., 96 S.Ct 321 (1975) 380Moss, People v., 163 A.D.2d 198, (N.Y 1990) 314Muehler v Mena, 125 S.Ct — (2005) 324Munoz, State v., 827 P.2d 1303 (N.M App 1992) 85Munoz, U.S v., 143 F.3d 632 (2d Cir 1998) 164Murphy, Minnesota v., 104 S.Ct 1136 (1984) 366Murray v U.S., 108 S.Ct 2529 (1988) 325Muza, U.S v., 788 F.2d 1309 (8th Cir 1986) 125Napue v Illinois, 360 U.S 264 (1954) 448Nash, State v., 204 P 736 (Kan 1922) 142National Treasury Employees v Von Raab, 109 S.Ct

1384 (1989) 341Navarro, State v., 659 N.W.2d 487 (Wis App

2003) 386Neil v Biggers, 93 S.Ct 375 (1972) 389Nelson v Campbell, 124 S.Ct 2117 (2004) 584Nemeth, State v., 694 N.E.2d 1332 (Ohio 1998) 249Newcomb, U.S v., 6 F.3d 1129 (6th Cir 1993) 235Nguyen v State, 520 S.E.2d 907 (Ga 1999) 249Nguyen v State, 1 S.W.3d 694 (Tex Crim App.1999) 207

Nicholson v State, 600 So.2d 1101 (Fla 1992) 117Nishnianidze, U.S v., 342 F.3d 6 (1st Cir 2003)

148, 236Nix v Williams, 104 S.Ct 2501 (1984) 348Nixon, Florida V., 125 S.Ct 551 (2004) 483Norris v State, 732 N.E.2d 186 (Ind App 2000) 346Oakland Cannabis Buyers Cooperative, U.S v., 121S.Ct 1711 (2001) 171, 235

Oakley, Wisconsin v., 629 N.W.2d 200 (Wis

2001) 528Oar, State v., 924 P.2d 599 (Id 1996) 247

Ocampo, U.S v., 650 F.2d 421 (2d Cir 1981) 361

Ochoa, State v., 943 P.2d 814 (Ariz App 1997) 211

Oimen, State v., 516 N.W.2d 399 (Wis 1994) 130

1971 Oldsmobile Cutlass Auto., One, State v., 464

N.W.2d 851 (Wis App 1990) 527

Oliver v U.S., 104 S.Ct 1735 (1984) 313

Oliver, People v., 258 CalRptr 138 (Cal Appl 1989)

55, 58, 65

Olivio, State v., 589 A.2d 597 (N.J 1991) 249

Olsen v State, 67 P.3d 536 (Wyo 2003) 538

Olson, Minnesota v., 110 S.Ct 1684 (1990) 314, 315

Opperman, South Dakota v., 96 S.Ct 3092 (1976)

337, 338

Oregon v Ashcroft, 468 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir 2004) 87

Oreto, U.S v., 37 F.3d 739 (1st Cir 1994), cert denied,

Owens, State v., 586 S.E.2d 519 (N.C.App 2003) 144

Owolabi v Commonwealth, 428 S.E.2d 14 (Va App

1993) 139, 141

Oyler v Boles, 82 S.Ct 501 (1962) 269

Pacheco, State v.,882 P.2d 183 (Wash 1994) 198

Padilla, Rumsfeld v 124 S.Ct 1904 (2004) 410

Page, U.S v., 167 F.3d 325 (6th Cir 1999) 118

Paige, U.S v., 136 F.3d 1012 (5th Cir 1998) 357

Panfil, U.S v., 338 F.3d 1299 (11th Cir 2003).—

Payton v New York, 100 S.Ct 1371 (1980) 326

Pear, The King v., 168 Eng Rep 208 (Cr Cas Res

Peoni, U.S v., 100 F.2d 401 (2d Cir 1938) 65, 198

Perez-Oviedo, U.S v., 281 F.3d 400 (3d Cir 2002) 170Perkins v State, 574 A.2d 356 (Md App 1990) 347Perkins v Kansas Department of Corrections, 165F.3d 803 (10th Cir 1999) 540

Perkins, City of West Covina v., 119 S.Ct 678 (1999) 325

Perkins, Illinois v., 110 S.Ct 2394 (1990) 378Perkins, State v 614 N.W.2d 25 (Wis App 2000) 102Perry v State, 585 S.E.2d 614 (Ga 2003) 59

Perry, State v., 610 So.2d 746 (La 1992) 519Peterson, U.S v., 98 F.3d 502 (9th Cir 1996) 152Petit, U.S v., 841 F.2d 1546 (11th Cir 1988) 199Pettit, State v., 609 P.2d 1364 (Wash 1980) 270Peyote Way Church of God, Inc v Thornburgh, 922F.2d 1210 (5th Cir 1991) 171, 222

Pickett, U.S v., 353 F.3d 62 (D.C Cir 2004) 442Picotte, State v., 661 N.W.2d 381 (Wis 2003) 80Pike, State v., 826 P.2d 152 (Wash 1992) 179

Pinkerton v U.S.,66 S.Ct 1180, (1946) 196-197Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co v U.S., 360 U.S 395,(1959) 440

Place, U.S v., 103 S.Ct 2637 (1983) 313, 316,

317, 331Planned Parenthood v Casey, 112 S.Ct 2791 (1992) 227

Pohlot, U.S v., 827 F.2d 889 (3d Cir 1987) 246Poocha, U.S v., 259 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir 2001) 160Popa, U.S v., 187 F.3d 672 (D.C Cir 1999) 222Pope v Illinois, 107 S.Ct 1918 (1987) 165Portash, New Jersey v., 99 S.Ct 1292 (1979) 367, 385Portuondo v Agard, 120 S.Ct 1119 (2000) 502Posada-Rios, U.S v., 158 F.3d 832 (5th Cir 1998), cert.denied, 119 S.Ct 1792 (1999) 215

Powers v Ohio, 111 S.Ct 1364 (1991) 490Pratt, State v., 876 P.2d 1390 (Kan 1994) 66Pratt, U.S v., 913 F.2d 982 (1st Cir 1990) 237-238Press-Enterprise Co v Superior Court, 457 U.S 596(1984) 422

Preston v U.S., 84 S.Ct 881 (1964) 332Pribich, People v., 27 Cal Rptr.2d 113 (Cal App.1994) 155

Price v State, 873 P.2d 1049 (Okla Cr 1994) 161Price v Vincent, 123 S.Ct 1848 (2003) 223Prichard, U.S v., 781 F.2d 179 (10th Cir 1986) 190Prince, People v., 611 N.E.2d 105 (Ill App 1993) 477

Pringle, Maryland v.,124 S.Ct 795 (2003) 327Proctor & Gamble Co., U.S v., 78 S.Ct 983 (1958) 440Pruitt v State, 528 So.2d 828 (Miss 1988) 193Prysock, California v., 101 S.Ct 2806 (1981) 378Psichalinos, People v., 594 N.E.2d 1374 (Ill App.1992) 94

Pugh v State,781 P.2d 843 (Okla Cr 1989) 239-240Purdy, U.S v., 144 F.3d 241 (2d Cir 1998) 173Purkett v Elem, 115 S.Ct 1769 (1995) 490Quarles, New York v., 104 S.Ct 2626 (1984) 379

Quinlan, In re, 355 A.2d 647 (N.J 1976) 81

Quintana, U.S v.,839 F.Supp 1518 (D Utah 1993)

208-210

R.A.V v City of St Paul, 112 S.Ct 2538 (1992)

104, 223

R Enterprises, Inc., U.S v., 111 S.Ct 722 (1991) 439

Raich v Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 1222 (9th Cir 2003)

Ramunno, U.S v., 133 F.3d 476 (7th Cir 1998) 530

Rangel-Arreola, U.S v., 991 F.2d 1519 (10th Cir

1993) 195

Rasul v Bush, 124 S.Ct 2686 (2004) 410, 545

Rawlings v Kentucky, 100 S.Ct 2556 (1980) 333

Ray, People v., 981 P.2d 928 (Cal 1999) 348

Ray v U.S., 575 A.2d 1196 (D.C App 1990) 94

Rea v U.S., 76 S.Ct 292 (1956) 354

Reagan, People v., 235 N.W.2d 581 (Mich 1975) 270

Recio, U.S v., 123 S.Ct 1342 (2003) 199

Reed, New Mexico v., 118 S.Ct 1860 (1998) 423

Reeves, People v., 528 N.W.2d 160 (Mich 1995) 124

Regan, U.S v., 937 F.2d 823 (2d Cir 1991) 248

Regina v Dudley & Stephens, (1884) 235

Register, People v., 457 N.E.2d 704 (N.Y 1983) 84, 86

Reno v ACLU, 117 S.Ct 2329 (1997) 165, 166

Republican Party of Minnesota v White, 536 U.S 765

(2002) 40

Reves v Ernst & Young, 113 S.Ct 1163 (1993) 207

Rex v Scofield, (Cald 1784) 187

Rice, People v., 168 A.D.2d 901, (N.Y 1990) 314

Richard, State v., 346 N.W.2d 399 (Neb 1984) 139

Rivenbark, State v., 533 A.2d 271 (Md 1987) 200

Rivers, Commonwealth v., 583 N.E.2d 867 (Mass

App 1991) 139

Rizo, People v., 82 Cal Rptr.2d 544 (Cal App

1999) 247

Roaden v Kentucky, 93 S.Ct 2796 (1973) 309Roberts v United States Jaycees, 104 S.Ct 3244(1984) 233

Roberts, Ohio v., 100 S.Ct 2531 (1980) 485Robinette, Ohio v., 117 S.Ct 417 (1996) 348Robinson v State, 686 So.2d 1370 (Fla App

1997) 57Robinson v U.S., 506 A.2d 572 (D.C App 1986) 131Robinson, People v Paul, E., Cal App.3d Supp.(2001) 319

Robinson, State v., 567 A.2d 1173 (Conn 1989) 200Robinson, U.S v., 137 F.3d 652 (1st Cir 1998) 247Robinson, U.S v., 94 S.Ct 467 (1973) 332

Rock v Arkansas, 107 S.Ct 2704 (1987) 486Rodriguez, Illinois v., 110 S.Ct 2793 (1990) 346Rodriguez, State v., 961 P.2d 1006 (Ariz 1998) 245Roe v Flores-Ortega, 120 S.Ct 1029 (2000) 542Roe, People v., 542 N.E.2d 610 (N.Y 1989) 131Roe v Wade, 93 S.Ct 5 (1973) 226, 227

Rogers v Tennessee, 121 S.Ct 1693 (2001) 80Rogers v U.S., 71 S.Ct 438 (1951) 368Rollen, State v., 133 S.W.3d 57 (Mo App 2003) 81Rooks, State v., 468 S.E.2d 354 (Ga 1996) 103Roper v Simmons, 125 S.Ct 1183 (2005) 520Ross, U.S v., 102 S.Ct 2157 (1982) 333, 335, 336, 337Roth v U.S., 77 S.Ct 1304 (1957) 165, 222

Roundtree v State, 568 So.2d 1173 (Miss 1990) 238Rowlee, U.S v., 899 F.2d 1275 (2d Cir 1990) 253Royce v Hahn, 151 F.3d 116 (3d Cir 1998) 164Royster, State v., 590 N.W.2d 82 (Minn 1999) 164Rude v State, 851 P.2d 15 (Wyo 1993) 195Rumery, Town of Newton v., 107 S.Ct 187 (1987) 270Rumsfeld v Padilla, (2004) 410

Rushing, State v., 612 P.2d 103 (Haw 1980) 60Russell v U.S., 471 U.S 858 (1985) 125Russell, U.S v., 670 F.2d 323 (D.C Cir 1982) 361Russell, U.S v., 963 F.2d 1320 (10th Cir 1992) 361Sabri v U.S., 124 S.Ct 1941 (2004) 172-173Sahhar, U.S v., 917 F.2d 1197 (9th Cir 1990) 243Salemme, People v., 3 Cal Rptr.2d 398 (Cal App.1992) 125

Salerno, U.S v., 107 S.Ct 2095 (1987) 402Salinas v U.S., 118 S.Ct 469 (1997) 173, 207Sammons, People v., 478 N.W.2d 901 (Mich App.1991) 484

Sanchez, Commonwealth v., 2003 WL 21242025 (Ky.App 2003) 378

Sanchez, State v., 846 P.2d 857 (Ariz App 1993) 186Sanchez, U.S v., 53 MJ 393 (U.S Armed Forces 2000) 582

Sanders, Arkansas v., 99 S.Ct 2586 (1979) 335Sandia, U.S v., 188 F.3d 1215 (10th Cir 1999) 222Santobello v N.Y., 92 S.Ct 495 (1971) 270, 455Santiago, State v., 556 N.W.2d 687 (Wis 1996) 378Sargent, People v., 970 P.2d 409 (Cal 1999) 117

Sattar, U.S v., 272 F.Supp.2d 348 (S.D.N.Y 2003) 159

Sattazahn v Pennsylvania, 123 S.Ct 732 (2003) 224

Saucier v Katz, 212 S.Ct 2151 (2001) 356

Saunders v Shaver, 378 P.2d 70 (Kans 1963) 57

Scales, State v., 578 N.W.2d 587 (Minn 1994) 386

Scarfo, U.S v., 180 F.Supp.2d 572 (D.N.J 2001) 314

Schoon, U.S v., 971 F.2d 193 (9th Cir 1992) 235

Schreiber, U.S v., 191 F.3d 103 (2d Cir 1999) 530

Schroeder, State v., 613 N.W.2d 911 (Wis App

Scott, People v., 593 N.E.2d 1328 (N.Y 1992) 313

Scott, U.S v., 975 F.2d 927 (1st Cir 1992) 357

Scott-Emuakpor, U.S v., 2000 WL 288443 (W.D

Mich 2000) 498

See v City of Seattle, 87 S.Ct 1737 (1967) 313

Sego, Commonwealth v., 872 S.W.2d 441 (Ky

1994) 198

Seibert, Missouri v., 124 S.Ct 2601 (2004) 379

Seling v Young, 121 S.Ct 727 (2001) 107

Sell v U.S., 123 S.Ct 2174 (2003) 484

Serravo, People v., 823 P.2d 128 (Colo 1992) 239

Sewell, State v., 603 A.2d 21 (N.J 1992) 146

Sexson, State v., 869 P.2d 301 (N.M App 1994) 87

Sgro v U.S., 53 S.Ct 138 (1932) 318

Shabani, U.S v., 115 S.Ct 382 (1994) 195, 197

Shabazz, State v., 719 A.2d 440 (Conn 1998) 62

Shafer v South Carolina, 121 S.Ct 1263 (2001) 519

Shane, State v., 590 N.E.2d 272 (Ohio 1992) 131

Sheppard v Maxwell, 86 S.Ct 1507 (1966) 487Sherman, People v., unpub Lexis 6540 (Cal App.2002) 228

Simmons v U.S., 88 S.Ct 967 (1968) 390Singer v U.S., 85 S.Ct 783 (1965) 483Singh, U.S v., 54 F.3d 1182 (4th Cir 1995) 171Singleton, State v., 28 P.3d 1124 (N.M App 2001) 489

Sitz, Mich Dept of St Police v.,110 S.Ct 2481(1990) 342–345

Sivak, State v., 806 P.2d 413 (Id 1990) 537Skinner v Railway Labor Executives Association,

109 S.Ct 1402 (1989) 309, 341Smallwood v State, 661 A.2d 747 (Md App

1995) 190Smith v California, 80 S.Ct 215 (1959) 71Smith v Doe, 123 S.Ct 1140 (2003) 107Smith v Maryland, 99 S.Ct 2577 (1979) 313, 352Smith v Ohio, 110 S.Ct 1288 (1990) 333

Smith v Robbins, 120 S.Ct 746 (2000) 543Smith v State, 636 N.E.2d 124 (Ind 1994) 193

Smith v State,902 P.2d 1271 (Wyo 1995) 200,201–203

Snyder, People v., 186 Cal Rptr 485 (Cal 1982) 254Solem v Helm, 103 S.Ct 3001 (1983) 516, 517Sololow, U.S v., 109 S.Ct 1581 (1989) 331Sonny Mitchell Center, U.S v., 934 F.2d 77 (5th Cir.1991) 527

Sorna, People v., 276 N.W.2d 892, (Mich App 1979) 238

Sostarecz v Misko, WL 239401 (E.D Pa., 1999) 342Southall v U.S., 716 A.2d 183 (D.C 1998) 527Speake v State, 610 So.2d 1238 (Ala Cr App 1992) 86

Spencer, Commonwealth v., 663 N.E.2d 268 (Mass.App 1996) 94

Spikes, U.S v., 158 F.3d 913 (6th Cir 1998) 318Spinelli v U.S., 89 S.Ct 584 (1969) 318

Spock, U.S v., 416 F.2d 165 (1st Cir 1969) 205Stack v Boyle, 72 S.Ct 1 (1951) 402

Stalter v State, 86 P.3d 1159 (Wash 2004) 409Stanford v Kentucky, 109 S.Ct 2969 (1989) 519Stanford v Texas, 85 S.Ct 506 (1965) 320Starr, U.S v., 816 F.2d 94 (2d Cir 1987) 180State v Houston, (W Va 1996) 236Stassi, U.S v., 966 F.2d 283 (7th Cir 1992) 197Steele v Federal Bureau of Prisons, 355 F.3d 1204(10th Cir 2003) 539

Stefanell v State, 587 S.E.2d 868 (Ga App 2003) 220

Stephan v State, 711 P.2d 1156 (Alaska 1985) 386

Stewart, State v., 420 N.W.2d 44 (Wis 1988) 190

Stewart, U.S v., 246 F.3d 728 (D.C Cir 2001) 164

Stewart, U.S v., 145 F.3d 273 (5th Cir 1998) 65

Still, U.S v., 850 F.2d 607 (9th Cir 1988) 190

Stogner v California, 123 S.Ct 2446 (2003) 227

Stokes v Commonwealth, 828 S.W.2d 619 (Ky

1992) 117

Stone v Powell, 96 S.Ct 3037 (1976) 545

Stone, State v., 756 A.2d 785 (Vt 2000) 174

Story v U.S., 16 F.2d 342 (D.C Cir 1926) 72

Stovall v Denno, 87 S.Ct 1967 (1967) 389, 390

Strahan U.S v., 984 F.2d 155 (6th Cir 1993) 333

Strickland v State, 422 S.E.2d 312 (Ga App

Swain, People v., 909 P.2d 994 (Cal App 1996) 195

Swann v U.S., 648 A.2d 928 (D.C App 1994) 85

Szpara, People v., 492 N.W.2d 804 (Mich App

1992) 132

T.L.O., New Jersey v., 105 S.Ct 733 (1985) 309, 342

Tagbering, U.S v., 985 F.2d 946 (8th Cir 1993) 319

Tague v Louisiana, 100 S.Ct 652 (1980) 379

Tanner, People v., 660 N.W.2d 746 (Mich App

2003) 65

Tarantino, U.S v., 846 F.2d 1384 (D.C Cir 1988) 198

Tarvestad v State, 409 S.E.2d 513 (Ga 1991) 253

1993) 103Todd v State, 594 So.2d 802 (Fla App 1992) 86Tognaci v State, 571 So.2d 76 (Fla App 1990) 348Tome v U.S., 115 S.Ct 696 (1995) 500

Torres, State v., 495 N.W.2d 678 (Iowa 1993) 86Tovar, Iowa v., 124 S.Ct 1379 (2004) 445Townsend, State v., 865 P.2d 972 (Ida 1993) 93Tracy v State, 573 A.2d 38 (Md 1990) 198–199Trombetta, California v., 104 S.Ct 2528 (1984) 448Truesdale, U.S v., 152 F.3d 443 (5th Cir 1998) 169Tuttle v Perry, 82 S.W.3d 920 (Ky 2002) 496

Tutton, State v.,875 S.W.2d 295 (Tenn Cr App.1993) 79, 113–114

Tyler, Michigan v., 98 S.Ct 1942 (1978) 340Ullmann v U.S., 76 S.Ct 497 (1956) 367Unimex, Inc., U.S v., 991 F.2d 546 (9th Cir 1993) 510United States District Ct., U.S v., 407 U.S 297 (1972) 351

Universal Rehabilitation Services, U.S v., 205 F.3d

657 (3d Cir 2000) 454Unser, U.S v., 165 F.3d 755 (10th Cir 1999) 235Upton, Massachusetts v., 104 S.Ct 2085 (1984) 318Ursery, U.S v., 116 S.Ct 2135 (1996) 527

U.S v Hill, (8th Cir 2005) 313U.S v Jacobsen, (1984) 316, 317U.S v Mohrmann 341

Valrie, State v., 597 So.2d 1218 (La App 1992) 348Vasquez, State v., 906 P.2d 351 (Wash App 1995) 170Vaughn, People v., 465 N.W.2d 365 (Mich App.1990) 64

Veal, U.S v., 153 F.3d 1233 (11th Cir 1998) 365Vega-Penarete, U.S v., 137 F.R.D 233 (E.D.N.C.1991) 249

Ventresca, U.S v., 85 S.Ct 741 (1965) 317Verdugo-Urquidez, U.S v., 110 S.Ct 1056 (1990) 309Vigil, State v., 842 P.2d 843 (Utah 1992) 188

Villalobos, State v., 905 P.2d 732 (N.M App

1995) 194Villamonte-Marquez, U.S v., 103 S.Ct 2573 (1983) 341

Viola, U.S v., 35 F.3d 37 (2d Cir 1994) 207Vogel, People v., 299 P.2d 850 (Cal 1956) 60Wade, U.S v., 87 S.Ct 1926 (1967) 389Wainwright v Witt, 105 S.Ct 844 (1985) 489Walden, State v., 293 S.E.2d 780 (N.C 1982) 64Walder v U.S., 74 S.Ct 354 (1954) 500

Walker v State, 668 N.E.2d 243 (Ind 1996) 60Wall v State, 500 S.E.2d 904 (Ga 1998) 56Waller v State, 2004 WL 1171752 (Ga App 2004)

187, 188

Walters v Maass,45 F.3d 1355 (9th Cir 1995) 190,191–192

Wang, U.S v., 898 F.Supp 758 (D.Colo 1995) 143

Ward, State v., 396 A.2d 1041 (Md 1978) 64

Warren, People v., 489 N.E.2d 240 (N.Y 1985) 189

Washington v State, 836 A.2d 485 (Del 2003)

Wassil, State v., 658 A.2d 548 (Conn 1995) 86

Watkins, State v., 504 N.W.2d 874 (Wis App

Werner v State, 590 So.2d 431 (Fla App 1991) 117

West v State, 230 N.W 504 (Neb 1930) 247

Whight, People v., 43 Cal Rptr.2d 163 (Cal App

Wilder, State v., 748 A.3d 444 (Me 2000) 234

Willey v State, 613 A.2d 956 (Md 1992) 83

329, 336Wilson v Bruce, 816 F.Supp 679 (D Kan 1993) 502Wilson v Layne, 119 S.Ct 1692 (1999) 320

Wilson, Maryland v., 117 S.Ct 882 (1997) 338Wilson, State v., 685 So.2d 1063 (La 1996) 520Wilson, U.S v., 289 F.Supp.2d 801 (S.D Tex 2003) 49Wilson, U.S v., 73 F.3d 675 (7th Cir 1995), cert.denied 117 S.Ct 46 (1997) 161

Winston v Lee, 105 S.Ct 1611 (1985) 317, 329, 339Witherspoon v Illinois, 88 S.Ct 1770 (1968) 490

Wolf, U.S v.,890 F.2d 241 (10th Cir 1989) 167–168Wong Sun v U.S., 83 S.Ct 407 (1963) 326, 354Woods v Dugger, 923 F.2d 1454, (11th Cir 1991) 486Woods v State, 701 N.E.2d 1208 (Ind 1998) 545Workman v Mullin, 342 F.3d 1100 (Okla 2003) 84Wright, State v., 799 P.2d 642 (Or 1990) 174Wright, U.S v., 63 F.3d 1067 (11th Cir 1995) 198Wrobleski v Nora de Lara, 727 A 2d 930 (Md 1999) 496

Wu, People v., 286 Cal Rptr 868 (Cal App 1991) 254Wyatt v Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108 (9th Cir 2003) 539Yarborough v Alvarado, 124 S.Ct 2140 (2004) 378Ybarra v Illinois, 100 S.Ct 338 (1979) 327, 337Ydrysek v State, 739 S.W.2d 672 (Ark 1987) 200Yee, State v., 465 N.W.2d 260 (Wis App 1990) 205Yick Wo v Hopkins, 6 S.Ct 1064 (1886) 269York, State v., 766 A.2d 570 (Me 2001) 234Young v State, 826 S.W.2d 814 (Ark 1992) 238Youngblood, Arizona v., 109 S.Ct 333 (1988) 448Zaccaria, U.S v., 240 F.3d 75 (1st Cir 2001) 385Zahrey v Coffey, 221 F.3d 342 (2nd Cir 2000) 49Zamora v State, 361 So.2d 776 (Fla App 1978) 249Zule v State, 802 S.W.2d 28 (Tex App 1990) 107Zuniga-Salinas, U.S v., 952 F.2d 876 (5th Cir

1992) 200Zurcher v Stanford Daily, 98 S.Ct 1970 (1978) 320

P REFACE

Engaging students throughout the process of learning career competencies is the goal

of Criminal Law and Procedure for the Paralegal: A Systems Approach, Third Edition

Stu-dents are challenged to enhance their legal reasoning, critical thinking, and solving skills by applying them to realistic case scenarios, analysis problems,electronic and traditional research exercises, and to numerous drafting, interviewing,discovery, and other typical paralegal tasks The text also addresses the human ele-ment in the practice of criminal law, including the accompanying rewards and pit-falls Ethical concerns and relevant performance standards, so often related to thehuman element, are generously covered in Chapter 2 and throughout the text.This Third Edition has been meticulously revised It is comprehensive and gen-erously complemented with examples of actual cases that make concepts easy tograsp and learning more interesting Its relevancy is based not only on our own re-search and experience, but also on the advice and experience of a number of parale-gals working in the field, as well as colleagues in education and criminal law Forprofessors, the text provides the opportunity for a variety of teaching approaches

problem-FEATURES OF THE TEXT

among paralegal texts on criminal law is the coverage in Chapter 2 and sequent chapters on the ABA Standards and Model Rules relevant to the role

sub-of prosecution, defense, judge, and paralegal

their respective states is emphasized throughout the body of the text and inspecific assignments (the state Columbia) Federal law and procedure arealso highlighted

empha-size key principles of law and enhance legal reasoning Numerous othercases are cited as examples to reinforce key concepts, illustrate variations instatutes and court interpretations, and stimulate inquiry and problem solv-ing Case citations are not included in the text but are compiled in the Table

of Cases in the front of the text

motions, and other documents are included to provide familiarity with

xxxv

forms and to give a basis from which to work with state forms or to draftforms Checklists give step-by-step guidance in specific practice situationsand provide examples for developing additional checklists as needed.

■ Graphs, Diagrams, Tables, and Charts Visual aids facilitate learning, ulate interest, and summarize and organize important information Space isprovided in exhibits for the addition of state-specific information

stim-■ Sample Jury Instructions Jury instructions are an excellent resource for gal definitions and elements of crimes Samples are included throughout thetext to illustrate elements of crimes, for comparisons with your state instruc-tions, and as a resource in research and drafting assignments

le-■ Legal Terminology and Spanish Equivalents Key legal terms are lighted in bold and defined in the text as well as in the margins for quick ac-cess They also are listed at the end of each chapter and in the Glossary atthe end of the text Appendix A is a glossary of Spanish equivalents for im-portant legal terms

high-■ Notable Quotations Quotations related to criminal law appear in the textand in the margins to emphasize ideas and provoke thought and discussion(and maybe a smile) about the subject matter

■ Helpful Web sites Relevant criminal law and related Web sites are cluded at the end of each chapter

in-■ Application of Knowledge Each chapter, according to its focus, contains

a varying balance of exercises for in-class or out-of-class assignments anddiscussions

Analysis problemsthroughout the chapters present legal issues, socialconcerns, or other problems to stimulate critical thinking and analysis

System folder assignmentsstructure the building of an impressive tice system of topically arranged forms, legal principles, rules, checklists,and other material An outline of the system folder contents is in Appendix

prac-B Practical time restraints may dictate that some or all of the summaries oroutlines of the law and rules referred to in the system folder assignments bereduced to short lists of citations to applicable statutes, rules, and cases Ref-erences to pertinent pages in the text can be a useful time-saver for studentsintending to keep the text

Application assignmentsrequire the application of legal principles tonew fact situations or to practice skills in research and writing

Internet exercisesencourage familiarity with electronic research

Study and review questionsare deliberately comprehensive to provide amethod of learning and reviewing important material for the student In-structors can use the study questions as a pre- or posttest, and students canuse them as a study guide for exams

NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION

■ New Assignments and Questions

■ New Illustrative Cases

■ New Statistics, Charts, and Diagrams

■ New Amendments to the Federal Rules of Evidence and Criminal Procedure

■ New Federal Statutes

■ New Practice Forms, Tips, and Checklists

■ New Key Terms and Web SitesSome of the more significant revisions by chapter include:

Chapter 1

■ Updated statistics and discussion of crime in America and related concerns

Chapter 2

■ Information on the Department of Homeland Security

■ Updated ethics section with references to the new versions of the Model

Rules of Professional Conduct and Criminal Justice Standards

■ New discussion of judicial independence

Chapter 3

■ Expanded discussion of corporate crime (Sarbanes-Oxley Act)

Chapter 4

■ Introduction of fetal homicide and child abuse murder

■ Updated and expanded hate crimes section

■ Updated sex offender registries and commitments

■ Discussion of the PROTECT Act

Chapter 5

■ Expanded discussion of computer crime

■ New section on identity theft

■ New section on terrorism (USA PATRIOT Act)

■ Expanded child pornography section (PROTECT Act)

■ Updated drug crimes section

Chapter 6

■ Updated discussion of impossibility defense to attempt

Chapter 7

■ Expanded discussion on when legal jeopardy ends

■ New discussion of substantive due process defense, including ex post facto

laws

■ New section on Parental Discipline Justification

■ New discussion of innocent possession defense

■ Expanded section on competency to stand trial

■ New section on Handling Cases Involving Mental Health Issues

Chapter 8

■ Updated information on prosecutorial discretion and immunity

■ Discussion of techniques for dealing with victims of intimate partner

violence

■ New section on E-Filing and Monitoring (PACER)

Chapter 9

■ Expanded material on expectation of privacy

■ New section on Officer Liability and the Fourth Amendment

■ New case: Maryland v Pringle

■ New discussion of implied consent

■ New discussion of the PATRIOT Act (electronic and other surveillance)

issues

Chapter 10

■ Updated and expanded discussion of “in custody” circumstances for

Mi-randa purposes

■ New case: Chavez v Martinez

■ Expanded discussion of interrogation procedures and right to an attorney

■ New list of lineup procedures

De-■ New discussion of HIPAA requirements and new release form

■ New resources for dealing with difficult people

Chapter 12

■ New list of tips for subpoena practice

■ Expanded discussion of defendant’s presence at arraignment

■ Revised discussion of pleas

■ Expanded discussion on electronic and scientific data discovery

■ New discussion of concerns regarding plea bargains by resident aliens

Chapter 13

■ New hearsay ruling in Crawford v Washington

■ Expanded discussion of peremptory juror strikes based on Batson and

subse-quent cases

■ Updated discussion of reliability of scientific evidence

■ New discussion of juror misconduct

Chapter 14

■ Expanded discussion of jury responsibilities in death penalty cases

■ New information on executions and death penalty errors

■ Expanded discussion of restitution

■ Revised section on Sentencing Guidelines, including U.S v Booker

■ Resources for sample briefs

SUPPLEMENTAL TEACHING MATERIALS

■ The Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank is available on-line at www.

westlegalstudies.com in the Instructor’s Lounge under Resource Written by

the author of the text, the Instructor’s Manual contains

■ On-line Companion™ The Online Companion™ Web site can be found atwww.westlegalstudies.com in the Resource section of the Web site The On-line Companion™ contains the following:

■ Chapter Outlines An overview of each chapter includes locations ofkey terms, exhibits, sample cases, and assignment sources

■ Additional Example Cases A listing by chapter and section of cases isprovided for additional research to enhance understanding of the section

■ Updates of the Textbook Regular updates of the text, including newcases, are available by going to www.westlegalstudies.com, InstructorCenter, Online Resources for Books, View Companion Site, and thenProduct Update

■ Web page Come visit our Web site at www.westlegalstudies.com, where

you will find valuable information specific to this book such as hot links and

sample materials to download, as well as other West Legal Studies products

■ Westlaw ® West’s on-line computerized legal research system offers

stu-dents “hands-on” experience with a system commonly used in law offices

Qualified adopters can receive ten free hours of Westlaw® Westlaw®can be

accessed with Macintosh and IBM PC and compatibles A modem is required

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

James W H McCord earned his law degree at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

and practiced criminal law before becoming the director of paralegal programs at

Eastern Kentucky University He has served as president of the American Association

for Paralegal Education and as a member of the American Bar Association

Commis-sion on Approval of Legal Assistant Programs He is the author of The Litigation

Para-legal: A Systems Approach, also published by Thomson Delmar Learning.

Sandra L McCord earned her M.A in comparative literature at the University of

Wis-consin-Madison, has taught English composition at Eastern Kentucky University, and

has published work in more than forty literary journals

The authors’ experience with criminal law, teaching, and writing combine to make

this a particularly clear and readable textbook Whereas most criminal law texts are

general in focus, this one was written specifically to prepare paralegals to work in the

field of criminal law

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A text such as this is a major undertaking, and its ultimate publication involves the work

of more people than the authors We acknowledge the special contributions of the

fol-lowing persons: Chris Brown, Pamela Cox, Marjoria Farris, Sarah J Farris, David Grise,

Quinten McCord, Vicki Doolin Mills, Leslie G Whitmer, The Kentucky Department of

Public Advocacy, Eastern Kentucky University, and numerous paralegals, educators,

colleagues, and others who have made comments and suggestions over the years

We would also like to thank the reviewers for their many contributions

Barbara A RickerAndover CollegePortland, MEMeoldy SchroerMaryville University

St Louis, MOJim and Sandy McCordRichmond, Kentucky

Please note the Internet resources are of a time-sensitive nature

and URL adresses may often change or be deleted

Contact us at westlegalstudies@delmar.com