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A TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY 232

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occurs because often leaders, especially charismatic and transformational leaders, build an emotional connection with their followers (Bass, 1985; Conger & Kanungo, 1994; Gardner & Avolio, 1998; House, 1976; Shamir, House, & Arthur, 1993) Therefore, it is crucial to train the leaders' minds through self-control training of mind through secular practices like mindfulness-based meditations (Boyatzis & Yeganeh, 2012; Capa, 2014; Eisenbeiss & van Knippenberg, 2014; Kabat-Zinn, 2013; Ling & Chin, 2012; Love & Maloney, 2009; Swierczek & Jousse, 2014) because leaders could likely affect the psychological well-being of their followers Promotion of ethical work cultures Leaders' self-control of the mind is also essential for promoting ethical work cultures Past research indicates most unethical conduct in organizations happens in unawareness (Jones, 1991; Rest, 1986) Leadership’s ethical decisions are critical in any organization because of their far-reaching consequences for employees and their families Therefore, it is important to train leaders' minds so that they promote ethical work cultures in organizations by controlling their thoughts of excessive desires, jealousy, greed, and even anger The study results (Theme 11) suggest one of the possible ways in which leaders could increase their awareness (or higher mindfulness) is through the practice of mindfulness-based meditations or some variant of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) (Kabat-Zinn, 2013) Past empirical research suggests people with higher levels of mindfulness are more likely to make ethical decisions (Ruedy & Schweitzer, 2010) Therefore, if organizations train leaders to control their senses and thoughts using effective mindfulness-based practices (Theme 11), it will not only improve their own 219

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