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WATER TREATMENT
Edited by Walid Elshorbagy
and Rezaul Kabir Chowdhury
Water Treatment
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2883
Edited by Walid Elshorbagy and Rezaul Kabir Chowdhury
Contributors
Rezaul K. Chowdhury, Walid El-Shorbagy, Edward Ming-Yang Wu, Jiří Šajer, Adina Elena
Segneanu, Cristina Orbeci, Carmen Lazau, Paula Sfirloaga, Paulina Vlazan, Cornelia Bandas,
Ioan Grozescu, Karmen Margeta, Nataša Zabukovec Logar, Mario Šiljeg, Anamarija Farkaš,
Letícia Nishi, Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo Vieira, Ana Lúcia Falavigna Guilherme, Milene
Carvalho Bongiovani, Gabriel Francisco da Silva, Rosângela Bergamasco, Ivan X. Zhu, Brian J.
Bates, Ramiro Escudero, Francisco J. Tavera, Eunice Espinoza, Rangarajan T. Duraisamy, Ali
Heydari Beni, Amr Henni, Erik Gydesen Søgaard, Henrik Tækker Madsen, Chunli Zheng, Ling
Zhao, Xiaobai Zhou, Zhimin Fu, An Li, Florica Manea, Aniela Pop, Agnes Barbério, Bulent
Sen, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Feray Sonmez, Mehmet Ali Turan Kocer, Ozgur Canpolat, Vera
Raicevic, Mile Bozic, Zeljka Rudic, Blazo Lalevic, Dragan Kikovic, Ljubinko Jovanovic
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2013 InTech
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Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and
not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy
of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for
any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials,
instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic
Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team
First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Water Treatment, Edited by Walid Elshorbagy and Rezaul Kabir Chowdhury
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0928-0
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Management and Modeling of Treatment Systems 1
Chapter 1 Informatics, Logistics and Governance
in Water Treatment Processes 3
Rezaul K. Chowdhury and Walid El-Shorbagy
Chapter 2 Optimal Design of the Water Treatment Plants 13
Edward Ming-Yang Wu
Chapter 3 Some Details of Mathematical Modelling
of Effluents in Rivers Downstream of a WWTP 33
Jiří Šajer
Section 2 Advanced Treatment Processes 51
Chapter 4 Waste Water Treatment Methods 53
Adina Elena Segneanu, Cristina Orbeci, Carmen Lazau,
Paula Sfirloaga, Paulina Vlazan, Cornelia Bandas and Ioan Grozescu
Chapter 5 Natural Zeolites in Water Treatment
– How Effective is Their Use 81
Karmen Margeta, Nataša Zabukovec Logar,
Mario Šiljeg and Anamarija Farkaš
Chapter 6 Application of Hybrid Process of Coagulation/Flocculation
and Membrane Filtration for the Removal
of Protozoan Parasites from Water 113
Letícia Nishi, Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo Vieira,
Ana Lúcia Falavigna Guilherme, Milene Carvalho Bongiovani,
Gabriel Francisco da Silva and Rosângela Bergamasco
Chapter 7 Conventional Media Filtration with Biological Activities 137
Ivan X. Zhu and Brian J. Bates
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Treating of Waste Water Applying Bubble Flotation 167
Ramiro Escudero, Francisco J. Tavera and Eunice Espinoza
Chapter 9 State of the Art Treatment of Produced Water 199
Rangarajan T. Duraisamy, Ali Heydari Beni and Amr Henni
Chapter 10 Groundwater Chemistry and Treatment:
Application to Danish Waterworks 223
Erik Gydesen Søgaard and Henrik Tækker Madsen
Section 3 Treatment of Organic-Contaminated Water 247
Chapter 11 Treatment Technologies for Organic Wastewater 249
Chunli Zheng, Ling Zhao, Xiaobai Zhou, Zhimin Fu and An Li
Chapter 12 Decontamination of Wastewaters Containing
Organics by Electrochemical Methods 287
Florica Manea and Aniela Pop
Section 4 Advanced Monitoring Techniques 315
Chapter 13 Bioassays with Plants in
the Monitoring of Water Quality 317
Agnes Barbério
Chapter 14 Relationship of Algae to Water Pollution
and Waste Water Treatment 335
Bulent Sen, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Feray Sonmez,
Mehmet Ali Turan Kocer and Ozgur Canpolat
Chapter 15 Eutrophication: Status, Trends
and Restoration Strategies for Palic Lake 355
Vera Raicevic, Mile Bozic, Zeljka Rudic, Blazo Lalevic,
Dragan Kikovic and Ljubinko Jovanovic
Preface
Economic development, population growth, and environmental pollution evolving in
many parts of the world are placing great demands on existing resources of fresh
water. Arid and/or semi-arid regions in particular suffer major shortage of fresh water
supplies due to the scarcity of available natural and traditional resources. Fresh water
may seem to be commonplace on earth, but it is actually scarce. Most of the world’s
water is saline where 2.5 percent only is fresh, and 97 of that freshwater is tied up in
the north and south poles, and in underground water. Only the remaining 0.3 percent
is renewable through the cycle of precipitation and evaporation, and even this is often
not available where and when it is needed. The demand for freshwater is doubled
every twenty years. In 1950, only 12 countries with 20 million people faced water
shortage and this rose to 26 countries by 1990 with 300 million people. By 2050, it is
projected to be as many as 65 countries with seven billion people, or about 60 percent
of the world’s population, mainly in the developing countries. The Gulf Cooperating
Council Countries (GCCC) have had water shortages in the past, and they continue to
be susceptible to water shortages in the future due to their geographic location in an
arid zone.
Emerging trends indicate that a “water crisis” is now approaching in several regions -
most notably the Middle East and North Africa - where per capita water availability is
1,247 cubic meters per year, one of the lowest in the world. Thus, the main constraint
to agricultural production in these areas in the near future will be the availability of
water, not land.
In line with resolving the water crisis in recent years, there has been an increasing
concern on the improvement and development of the water sector (resource
management) and the efficient utilization of the water resource (demand
management) for sustainable development. Above all, water purification is a vital
alternative to eliminate the water contamination and to close the gap between fresh
water demands and available resources. Treatment and purification approaches
include traditional approaches that have lasted for several centuries without major
changes and/or modifications. Recent modifications to treatment approaches as well as
advanced and new innovative approaches have been emerging and reflecting their
significant contribution towards fixing the water crisis.
X Preface
This book covers a number of water treatment issues relevant to either improving the
common traditional treatment methods or to new advanced and innovative
approaches. It has four sections titled: [1] Management and Modeling of Treatment
Systems, [2] Advanced Treatment Processes, [3] Treatment of Organic-contaminated
Water, and [4] Advanced Monitoring Techniques. The first section addresses three
topics; the first is related to Informatics, Logistics and Governance in Water Treatment
where issues like data requirements for water treatment and water supply scheme,
governance in water treatment and water supply scheme, water-energy nexus, and
intelligent systems in water process are discussed. The second topic introduces an
alternative approach to design water treatment plants that applies systems analysis
successfully and productively based on their concept and practice of the optimization
theory. The third topic reviews modeling approaches and mathematical formula used
in predicting the quality of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents. Such
review has a great benefit in carrying out assessment studies of WWTPs impacts on
the receiving water bodies.
Second section has seven chapters addressing different advanced water treatment
processes. This includes a comprehensive review on wastewater treatment methods,
particularly advanced oxidation processes, absorption, and electrochemical
technologies along with discussion of advantages and disadvantages of each method.
The section has another chapter on the usage of natural zeolites as excellent adsorbents
for the removal or reduction of toxic cations and anions from drinking water,
wastewater, surface, underground and public municipal waters. Another chapter
evaluates the combined usage of natural coagulation/flocculation and microfiltration
in the removal of cyanobacteria from drinking water. Following chapter evaluates the
role of biologically activated filters in contaminant removal from water sources and in
selecting microbial communities in biofilms specifically adapted to targeted
contaminants for efficient metabolism. Section II also discusses the application of
bubble flotation technique in industrial waste water treatment, particularly in heavy
metal removal. Another chapter evaluates different treatment techniques in removing
inorganic and organic contaminants from produced water generated during oil and
gas extraction from subsurface formations. Finally this section has a chapter evaluating
different treatment techniques in removing major contaminants in groundwater in
Denmark with focus on contaminants like turbidity-producing matters, arsenic,
chlorinated solvents, and pesticides.
Section III has two chapters on removal of organic contaminants from wastewater.
While the first chapter presents a comprehensive review of the types and sources of
organic contaminants in wastewater along with their common remediation techniques,
the second focusses on the use of electrochemical technologies in separating such
organic contaminants from water.
For Section IV, three chapters present different techniques and programs of water
quality monitoring. The first presents a brief report on the use of bioassays with
. Governance in Water Treatment
where issues like data requirements for water treatment and water supply scheme,
governance in water treatment and water supply. selection of water treatment
processes (desalination plant, surface water treatment plant, groundwater treatment and
selection of alternative water sources
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