Types of morphemes
Trang 2Morphemes
Our morphological knowledge has two components: knowledge of the individual
morphemes, and knowledge of the rules that combine them.
Trang 33.1 Roots
Root:
A morpheme which is the basic part of a word and which may, in many languages, occur on
its own (man, hold, book)
Roots may be joined to other roots (house +hold = household), and/ or take affixes
(manly, coldness)
ROOT word-forms
walk walks, walking,
Trang 43.1 Roots
Roots may be joined to other roots
(house + hold= household), and/ or take
affixes
(man + ly = manly)
Trang 73.2 Stem
That part of a word that occurs before an
inflectional affix is or can be added For
example, (book + s = books).
The stem of a word may be:
1. A simple stem consisting of only one
morpheme (a root), e.g work
2. A root plus a derivational affix, e.g work +
er =worker
3. Two or more roots, e.g work + shop =
Trang 83.3 Base
A base is any unit to which affixes of any kind can be added:
1. inflectional affixes (syntactic reasons)
2. derivational affixes (meaning and/ or grammatical category)
Trang 9Free & bound
Trang 103.1.1 Free morphemes
Free morphemes are roots which can stand on their own
Man – book – tea – sweet – cook – bet – very – aardvark – pain - rose
Trang 113.1.1.Free morphemes
*Content words
Lexical morphemes Function words
Nouns (frog– man-John)
Adjectives (good – kind )
Verbs (walk- write)
Trang 123.1.2.Bound morphemes
Bound morphemes are roots which cannot stand on their own They always occur as being attached to other morphemes
-mit permit – commit – admit
-ceive perceive – receive – conceive –
deceive
Trang 133.2 Affixes
An affix is abound morpheme that can be added to a word (root), and which changes the meaning or function of the word There are 3 types of affixes:
Trang 14Affixes
prefi
Trang 17Inflectional morphemes
Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that have a strictly grammatical function Inflectional morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are attached
E.g.
I sail the ocean blue
He sails the ocean blue
John sailed the ocean blue
John has sailed the ocean blue
Trang 18Inflectional morphemes
Unlike derivational morphemes,
inflectional morphemes:
1. don’t change the part of speech
Trang 19English Inflectional Morphemes
Trang 21Derivational Morphemes
Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes that are added to a root morpheme or stem to derive a new word with a new meaning Derivational morphemes sometimes change the word-class that a base belongs to, and/ or change the meaning of the base to which they are attached Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content, and some
DA can be treated as independent words (e.g full)
E.g.
Pure (n) purify (v)
Trang 23Derivational morphemes
Unlike inflectional morphemes,
inflectional morphemes:
sometimes change the word-class
Trang 24English Derivational Morphemesclass-changing
1 Nouns Adjective2 Verbs Noun
health + full = healthful
Trang 25English Derivational Morphemesclass-changing
3 Adjective adverb Nouns verbs
exact + ly = exactly
quiet + ly = quietly
moral + ize = moralize
vaccine + ate = vaccinate
brand + ish = brandish
Trang 26English Derivational Morphemesclass-changing
Adjectives NounVerb Adjective
tall + ness = tallness
specific + ity = specificity
feudal + ism = feudalism
abstract + ion = abstraction
true + th = truth
read + able = readable
create + ive = creative
run + y = runny
Trang 27English Derivational Morphemesclass-maintaining
Noun NounVerb Verb
friend + ship = friendship
human + ity = humanity
man + hood = manhood
king + dom = kingdom
un + do = undo
Trang 29English Derivational Morphemesclass-changing
1. N V joy-enjoy
2. V N motivate - motivation
3. N Adj care - careful
4. Adj N true - truth
5. Adj V soft –soften / wide - widen
Trang 31Exercise
Identify the inflectional affixes,